BIOCHEMISTRY BASICS

Question 1

REDUCTION

Answer 1

1. LOSS OF O2 ATOMS
2. GAIN OF H2 ATOMS
3. GAIN OF ELECTRONS

Question 2

OXIDATION

Answer 2

1. GAIN OF O2 ATOMS
2. LOSS OF H2 ATOMS
3. LOSS OF ELECTRONS

Question 3

CATABOLISM

Answer 3

BREAKDOWN OF MOLECULES

Question 4

ANABOLISM

Answer 4

BUILD UP OF METABOLISM

Question 5

OXIDATIVE CATABOLISM

Answer 5

ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE EXTRACTION FUNCTION

Question 6

glycolysis (name enzymes, ATP used/produced, carbon chains added/removed, and location)

Answer 6

6C chain (GLUCOSE) phosphorylated by HEXOKINASE, 6C-P (FRUCTOSE 6-P) chain phosphorylated by PFK , and 2 3C chains (PYRUVATE) phosphorylated by PYRUVATE KINASE

• Net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 3C pyruvate chain production
• Cytosol

Question 7

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (name enzymes, ATP used/produced, carbon chains added/removed, and location)

Answer 7

Removing Carbon from 2 3C chains (pyruvate) to create a 2C pyruvate

• 2 NADH produced due to 2 3C chains
• Matrix of mitochondria

Question 8

Krebs/TCA/Citric Acid Cycle (name enzymes, ATP used/produced, carbon chains added/removed, and location)

Answer 8

Start w/ 4C (OAA), add 2C chain (Acetyl-CoA), becomes 6C chain (citric acid) while producing NADH and removing CO2, becomes 5C chain, becomes 4C chain while producing NADH and removing CO2, isomerizes to 4C while producing FADH2, NADH, and GTP

• Net product: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, AND 2 GTP
• Location: Matrix of mitochondria
• goal: make a bunch of reduced electron carriers

Question 9

ETC (name enzymes, ATP used/produced, carbon chains added/removed, and location)

Answer 9

• goal: oxidize reduced electron carriers and make ATP
• COENZ. Q REDUCTASE reduces NADH and releases H+ into outer membrane, COENZ. Q passes electrons along to CYTOCHROME C REDUCTASE so it can reduce the NADH and FADH2 and releases H+ into the outer membrane, CYTOCHROME C passes electrons along to CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE so it can reduce the NADH and FADH2 and releases H+ into the ATP SYNTHASE PUMP to push electrons to OXYGEN and oxidize to produce H20
• Net production: 30 ATP (EUK) and 32 ATP (PROK) at the end of cellular respiration
  
  • NADH= 2.5 ATP
  • FADH2= 1.5 ATP
• Location: inner mitochondrial membrane
• the pH in the matrix of the mitochondria is higher because protons are pumped across the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 10

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 10

OXYGEN is not the final electron acceptor and therefore, other processes cant continue
- pyruvate reduced to ethanol (yeast) or lactic acid (muscle cell); while NADH is oxidized to NAD+

Question 11

Gluconeogenesis (name enzymes, ATP used/produced, carbon chains added/removed, and location)

Answer 11

• Produce glucose by reverse glycolysis
• 2 3C chain pyruvate molecules turns to 2 4C chain OAA molecules by pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase adds phosphate and remove carbon from 4C chains, Fructose 1,6- biphosphotase dephosphorylates to 6C-P, dephosphorylation of 6C-P to 6C (glucose) by glucose-6-phosphotase
• uses 6 phosphate bonds and 2 reduced electron carriers

Question 12

Glycogenesis

Answer 12

• occurs during high blood sugar events to produce glycogen for storage
• glucose monomers become glycogen polymer
• uses glycogen synthase

Question 13

Glycogenolysis

Answer 13

• occurs during low blood sugar events to breakdown glycogen for glucose consumption
• glycogen polymer become glucose monomers
• uses glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase

Question 14

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Answer 14

-G6P shunted out of glycolysis by G6PDH and put into PPP; products (glycolytic intermediates) shunted back to glycolysis pathway
-2 phases: oxidative and nonoxidative
Net production: 2 NADPH

Question 15

Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation

Answer 15

Requires 1 H2O molecule and produces 1 FADH2

Also helps to produce ketone bodies due to the acetyl coa produce by the oxidation