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A&P I > Nerves 14 > Flashcards

Nerves 14 Flashcards

0
Q

Oxygen lack in brain injury 2

A

1-2 minutes impairs neuronal function

4 minutes permanent injury

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1
Q

Major parts of brain 4 + 8

A 
Brain stem
 - medulla oblongata
 - pons
 - midbrain
Diencephalon
 - thalamus
 - hypothalamus + pituitary
 - epithalamus + pineal gland
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
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2
Q

CSF creation, where, where flows (layer) 4

A

Produced in choroid plexuses in lateral, third, fourth ventricles
Ependymal cells
Flows in subarachnoid space
Recycled to blood by arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses

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3
Q

Internal anatomy of medulla 2+7

A

Inferior olivary nucleus - input from cerebral cortex, red nucleus, spinal chord, axons into cerebellum. Provides instructions to make adjustments learning a new skill.
Pyramids - large tracts cerebrum to spinal chord. Decussation of pyramids is crossing left and right, 90%.
Heart rate, breathing, vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, hiccuping.

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4
Q

Cranial nerves of medulla 5

A 
Vestibulocochlear VIII
Glossopharyngeal IX
Vagus X
Accessory XI
Hypoglossal XII
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5
Q

Pons what, and cranial nerves 4

A 
Bridge, relay motor, breathing
Trigeminal V
Abducens VI
Facial VII
Vestibulocochlear VIII
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6
Q

Blood supplies to brain 2 brain uses % of blood O2

A

Uses 20% of blood, oxygen
Vertebral artery in back
Carotid artery in front

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7
Q

Midbrain parts 3, cranial nerves 2

A

Cerebral peduncles - conduct motor cerebrum to pons, medulla, chord
Red nuclei - axons in cerebrum, cerebellum form synapses, control muscular movement
Tectum/corpora quadrigemina/superior,inferior colliculi - visual, auditory reflex
Regulates auditory and visual reflex, motor impulses cerebrum to cerebellum
Oculomotor III
Trochlear IV

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8
Q

Reticular formation, reticular activating system

A

Across brain stem

Consciousness, arousal, attention

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9
Q

Cerebellum 5

A

Muscle contraction
Tone, posture, balance
Detects how well motor activities are being carried out, provides feedback to correct

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10
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus - relay all sensory except smell to cerebral cortex, 80% of diencephalon
Hypothalamus - contains pituitary, major homeostasis
Epithalamus - pineal gland, melatonin, habenular nuclei olfaction

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11
Q

CVO circumventricular organs

A

Coordinate homeostasis of endocrine, nervous
No BBB
Part of thalamus, pituitary, pineal
Aids/HIV enters brain here

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12
Q

Cerebrum

A

Cortex on surface, white is deep
Sulcus - indentation or groove
Gyrus - folds
Fissure - deep groove

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13
Q

Basal nuclei where, what

A

Deep within cerebral hemispheres, three nuclei
Input from cortex, output to motor parts of cortex, to each other
Regulate initiation and termination of movements

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14
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional brain

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15
Q

Functional areas of cortex, by number 8

A

1,2,3 - primary somatosensory, equilibrium
4 - primary motor area
17, 18, 19 - visual, occipital
28, 11 - olfactory
41, 42, 22 - auditory
43 - gustatory
Auditory + 39,40 - wernicke’s area - left temporal and parietal, interprets meaning of speech, recognizes spoken words
44,45 - Broca’s speech area, speaking and understanding language, 97% on left hemisphere

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16
Q

Left and right hemispheres, 4+7

A

Left - reasoning, numbers, sign language, spoken and written language
Right - music, art, space and pattern perception, emotion, faces, odors, generating mental images to compare spatial relationships

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17
Q

Brain waves 4

A

Alpha - awake but resting
Beta - activity
Theta - emotional distress
Delta - deep sleep, awake in infants

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18
Q

Cranial I

A

Olfactory

Sensory, smell

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19
Q

Cranial II

A

Optic

Sensory, vision

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20
Q

Cranial III

A

Oculomotor

Motor, most of eye control

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21
Q

Cranial IV

A

Trochlear
Motor, superior eye muscle
Smallest
Arises from posterior aspect of brain stem

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22
Q

Cranial VI

A

Abducens

Motor, lateral eye muscle

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23
Q

Cranial V

A 
Trigeminal
Mixed, largest
Ophthalmic around eye
Maxillary upper cheek
Mandibular jaw, chew
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24
Q

Cranial VII

A

Facial
Mixed, face head top to neck
Bell’s Palsy

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25
Q

Cranial VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
Vestibular branch - equilibrium
Cochlear branch - hearing

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26
Q

Cranial IX

A 
Glossopharyngeal
Sensory
Taste buds posterior
Proprioceptors swallowing
Baroreceptors carotid sinus
Chemoreceptors for oxygen, carbon dioxide in blood
External ear sensory touch pain heat
27
Q

Cranial X

A

Vagus - wandering
Mixed
Most organs in thorax, abdomen

28
Q

Cranial XI

A

Accessory
Motor
Head and neck movement

29
Q

Cranial XII

A

Hypoglossal
Motor
Speech and swallowing

30
Q

Ataxia

A

Damage to cerebellum, loss of ability to coordinate muscular movement

31
Q

Aphasia

A

Injury to language area, inability to use or comprehend words

32
Q

Brain injuries 3

A

Concussion - abrupt loss of consciousness, vision and equilibrium problems
Contusion - bruising due to trauma, blood leakage PIA may be torn
Laceration - tear of brain, usually skull fracture, gunshot. Bleeding, hematoma, edema, pressure

33
Q

Anosmia

A

Loss of smell

34
Q

Anopia

A

Blindness due to defect in or loss of one or both eyes

35
Q

Strabismus

A

Lazy eye

36
Q

Ptosis

A

Drooping of upper eyelid

37
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

38
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Cutting or tearing pain in one or more branches of trigeminal

39
Q

Vertigo

A

Subjective feeling one’s body is rotating

40
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary rapid movement of eyeball

41
Q

Tinitus

A

Ringing in ears

42
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

43
Q

Aptyalia

A

Reduced secretion of saliva

44
Q

Ageusia

A

Loss of taste

45
Q

Pharyngeal reflex

A

Gag reflex, prevent choking

46
Q

Tachycardia

A

Increased heart rate

47
Q

Dysarthria

A

Difficulty in speaking

48
Q

Brain development

A

11 weeks parts of brain as final

49
Q

Anencephaly

A

Absence of skull and cerebral hemispheres

50
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular accident, stroke

51
Q

TIA

A

Transient ischemic attack, temporary mini stroke, often precedes stroke

52
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease AD 6

A

Disabling senile dementia
Loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself
11% of population over 65
Loss of neurons that liberate acetylcholine
Beta-amyloid plaques
Neurofibrillary tangles

53
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize sensory stimuli as sound, sight, smell, taste, touch

54
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to carry out purposeful movements in absence of paralysis

55
Q

Consciousness

A

Wakeful, alert, aware

56
Q

Delerium

A

Transient disorder, disordered attention, sleep-wake cycle, confused

57
Q

Dementia

A

Progressive loss of intellectual abilities

58
Q

Encephalitis

A

Acute inflammation of brain

Encephalomyelitis for chord

59
Q

Encephalopathy

A

Disorder of brain

60
Q

Lethargy

A

Functional sluggishness

61
Q

Microcephaly

A

Small brain and skull

62
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize faces

63
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

After viral infection, vomit and brain dysfunction, after aspirin. Can progress to coma and death

64
Q

Stupor

A

Unresponsiveness

65
Q

Two layers of dura mater in brain

A

Periosteal layer

Meningeal layer

A&P I (10 decks)

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