Nerves 14 Flashcards
Oxygen lack in brain injury 2
1-2 minutes impairs neuronal function
4 minutes permanent injury
Major parts of brain 4 + 8
Brain stem - medulla oblongata - pons - midbrain Diencephalon - thalamus - hypothalamus + pituitary - epithalamus + pineal gland Cerebellum Cerebrum
CSF creation, where, where flows (layer) 4
Produced in choroid plexuses in lateral, third, fourth ventricles
Ependymal cells
Flows in subarachnoid space
Recycled to blood by arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses
Internal anatomy of medulla 2+7
Inferior olivary nucleus - input from cerebral cortex, red nucleus, spinal chord, axons into cerebellum. Provides instructions to make adjustments learning a new skill.
Pyramids - large tracts cerebrum to spinal chord. Decussation of pyramids is crossing left and right, 90%.
Heart rate, breathing, vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, hiccuping.
Cranial nerves of medulla 5
Vestibulocochlear VIII Glossopharyngeal IX Vagus X Accessory XI Hypoglossal XII
Pons what, and cranial nerves 4
Bridge, relay motor, breathing Trigeminal V Abducens VI Facial VII Vestibulocochlear VIII
Blood supplies to brain 2 brain uses % of blood O2
Uses 20% of blood, oxygen
Vertebral artery in back
Carotid artery in front
Midbrain parts 3, cranial nerves 2
Cerebral peduncles - conduct motor cerebrum to pons, medulla, chord
Red nuclei - axons in cerebrum, cerebellum form synapses, control muscular movement
Tectum/corpora quadrigemina/superior,inferior colliculi - visual, auditory reflex
Regulates auditory and visual reflex, motor impulses cerebrum to cerebellum
Oculomotor III
Trochlear IV
Reticular formation, reticular activating system
Across brain stem
Consciousness, arousal, attention
Cerebellum 5
Muscle contraction
Tone, posture, balance
Detects how well motor activities are being carried out, provides feedback to correct
Diencephalon
Thalamus - relay all sensory except smell to cerebral cortex, 80% of diencephalon
Hypothalamus - contains pituitary, major homeostasis
Epithalamus - pineal gland, melatonin, habenular nuclei olfaction
CVO circumventricular organs
Coordinate homeostasis of endocrine, nervous
No BBB
Part of thalamus, pituitary, pineal
Aids/HIV enters brain here
Cerebrum
Cortex on surface, white is deep
Sulcus - indentation or groove
Gyrus - folds
Fissure - deep groove
Basal nuclei where, what
Deep within cerebral hemispheres, three nuclei
Input from cortex, output to motor parts of cortex, to each other
Regulate initiation and termination of movements
Limbic system
Emotional brain
Functional areas of cortex, by number 8
1,2,3 - primary somatosensory, equilibrium
4 - primary motor area
17, 18, 19 - visual, occipital
28, 11 - olfactory
41, 42, 22 - auditory
43 - gustatory
Auditory + 39,40 - wernicke’s area - left temporal and parietal, interprets meaning of speech, recognizes spoken words
44,45 - Broca’s speech area, speaking and understanding language, 97% on left hemisphere
Left and right hemispheres, 4+7
Left - reasoning, numbers, sign language, spoken and written language
Right - music, art, space and pattern perception, emotion, faces, odors, generating mental images to compare spatial relationships
Brain waves 4
Alpha - awake but resting
Beta - activity
Theta - emotional distress
Delta - deep sleep, awake in infants
Cranial I
Olfactory
Sensory, smell
Cranial II
Optic
Sensory, vision
Cranial III
Oculomotor
Motor, most of eye control
Cranial IV
Trochlear
Motor, superior eye muscle
Smallest
Arises from posterior aspect of brain stem
Cranial VI
Abducens
Motor, lateral eye muscle
Cranial V
Trigeminal Mixed, largest Ophthalmic around eye Maxillary upper cheek Mandibular jaw, chew
Cranial VII
Facial
Mixed, face head top to neck
Bell’s Palsy
Cranial VIII
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
Vestibular branch - equilibrium
Cochlear branch - hearing
Cranial IX
Glossopharyngeal Sensory Taste buds posterior Proprioceptors swallowing Baroreceptors carotid sinus Chemoreceptors for oxygen, carbon dioxide in blood External ear sensory touch pain heat
Cranial X
Vagus - wandering
Mixed
Most organs in thorax, abdomen
Cranial XI
Accessory
Motor
Head and neck movement
Cranial XII
Hypoglossal
Motor
Speech and swallowing
Ataxia
Damage to cerebellum, loss of ability to coordinate muscular movement
Aphasia
Injury to language area, inability to use or comprehend words
Brain injuries 3
Concussion - abrupt loss of consciousness, vision and equilibrium problems
Contusion - bruising due to trauma, blood leakage PIA may be torn
Laceration - tear of brain, usually skull fracture, gunshot. Bleeding, hematoma, edema, pressure
Anosmia
Loss of smell
Anopia
Blindness due to defect in or loss of one or both eyes
Strabismus
Lazy eye
Ptosis
Drooping of upper eyelid
Diplopia
Double vision
Trigeminal neuralgia
Cutting or tearing pain in one or more branches of trigeminal
Vertigo
Subjective feeling one’s body is rotating
Nystagmus
Involuntary rapid movement of eyeball
Tinitus
Ringing in ears
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Aptyalia
Reduced secretion of saliva
Ageusia
Loss of taste
Pharyngeal reflex
Gag reflex, prevent choking
Tachycardia
Increased heart rate
Dysarthria
Difficulty in speaking
Brain development
11 weeks parts of brain as final
Anencephaly
Absence of skull and cerebral hemispheres
CVA
Cerebrovascular accident, stroke
TIA
Transient ischemic attack, temporary mini stroke, often precedes stroke
Alzheimer’s Disease AD 6
Disabling senile dementia
Loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself
11% of population over 65
Loss of neurons that liberate acetylcholine
Beta-amyloid plaques
Neurofibrillary tangles
Agnosia
Inability to recognize sensory stimuli as sound, sight, smell, taste, touch
Apraxia
Inability to carry out purposeful movements in absence of paralysis
Consciousness
Wakeful, alert, aware
Delerium
Transient disorder, disordered attention, sleep-wake cycle, confused
Dementia
Progressive loss of intellectual abilities
Encephalitis
Acute inflammation of brain
Encephalomyelitis for chord
Encephalopathy
Disorder of brain
Lethargy
Functional sluggishness
Microcephaly
Small brain and skull
Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize faces
Reye’s syndrome
After viral infection, vomit and brain dysfunction, after aspirin. Can progress to coma and death
Stupor
Unresponsiveness
Two layers of dura mater in brain
Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer
