16 Sensory, Motor, Integrative Systems Flashcards
Sensory modality 19
General somatic tactile - touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle
General somatic - temperature, pain, proprioception
General - visceral - pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, temp.
Special - smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium
Sensation, perception
Sensation - awareness of changes in internal or external environment
Perception - interpretation of sensations, cerebral cortex
Sensory receptor classification microscopic structure 3
Free nerve endings - pain, thermal, tickle, itch, touch
Encapsulated nerve ending - pressure, vibration, touch
Separate cell - sight, hearing, taste
Sensory receptor classification location 3
Exteroceptors - convey external stimuli
Interoceptors - visceral, blood vessels
Proprioceptors - muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear - position
Sensory receptor classification type of stimulus 6
Mechanoreceptors - touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium
Thermoreceptors - temperature
Nocioceptors - pain
Photoreceptors - light
Chemoreceptors - chemicals taste, smell, body fluids
Osmoreceptors - osmotic pressure
Skin receptors 5
Type I cutaneous mechano - tactile discs - epidermis
Corpuscle of touch - meissner - dermal papillae
Type II cutaneous mechano - ruffini corpuscle - deep in dermis
Hair root plexus - dermis
Lamellated corpuscle - pacinian - dermis and sub Q
Types of pain 5
Fast pain - 0.1 seconds - sharp, acute Slow pain - second or more - chronic, burning, throbbing Superficial somatic pain Deep somatic pain Visceral pain
Proprioception receptors - 3
Muscle spindle
Tendon organ
Joint kinesthetic receptor
Somatic sensory pathways - number of neurons
First order - receptor to brain stem or spinal chord
Second order - brain stem to thalamus
Third order - thalamus to primary somatosensory area of cortex
3 somatic sensory pathways
Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway
Trigeminothalamic pathway
Cortex area for somatic sensory
Primary somatosensory area - 1, 2, 3
Proprioceptor spinal tracts 2
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Final common pathway (motor)
Lower motor neurons- brain stem and spinal chord cell bodies, out cranial/spinal nerves, innervate skeletal muscles.
Somatic motor pathway to LMN 4
Local circuit neurons - interneurons in brain stem and spinal chord
Upper motor neurons - from cerebral cortex and brain stem
Basal nuclei neurons - assist movement, initiate terminate movement, suppress unwanted movement
Cerebellar neurons - control upper motor neurons, coordinate
Paralysis 2
Flaccid - no voluntary or reflex action, tone lost, limp. Same side
Spastic - tone increased, reflexes exaggerated, babinski appears. Opposite side.
Corticospinal pathways 2
Upper motor neurons, cerebral cortex to peduncle midbrain to pyramids medulla 90% cross, rest cross in chord.
Lateral corticospinal - anterior roots, distal parts of limbs. Precise skill
Anterior corticospinal - cross in chord. Anterior root, proximal limbs
Corticobulbar pathway 9 cranial nerves
Cerebrum, Midbrain peduncle, some cross
Oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
Indirect motor pathways - extrapyramidal - 4
Tectospinal - superior colliculus, reflex move head eyes trunk to visual auditory input
Rubrospinal - red nucleus to distal muscles, precise
Vestibulospinal - vestibular nucleus to muscles for balance, posture
Medial lateral reticulospinal - reticular formation to muscles for posture, tone
Roles of basal nuclei - 4
Initiation and termination of movement
Suppress unwanted movement
Influence muscle tone
Act with limbic to regulate emotional behaviors
Disorders of basal nuclei - 5
Parkinson’s - shaking/tremors, rigidity
Huntington - inherited. Chorea - rapid jerky involuntary movements, dance
Tourette - involuntary movement tics and sounds vocal tics
Schizophrenia - delusions, paranoia, hallucinations
Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD - repetitive thoughts that cause repetitive actions obligated to perform. Check door locks over & over
Modulation of movement by cerebellum 4
Monitor intention for movement
Monitor actual movement
Compare command signals with sensory information
Send out corrective feedback
Wakefulness and sleep, rhythm, stem part 2
Circadian rhythm, 24 hours
Reticular activating system RAS - arousal
Sleep stages - 4+1
Stage 1 - transition wake to sleep, 1-7 minutes
Stage 2 - light sleep, first true sleep
Stage 3 - moderately deep sleep, 20 minutes after falling asleep, BP and temp drop
Stage 4 - deepest, metabolism drops, reflexes intact, sleepwalking, transition 1-4 less than an hour
REM - alternate, every 90 minutes, last up to 50 minutes, 90-120 total per night. Infant spends 50% in REM, 25% adult. Brain blood flow and oxygen use higher in REM than intense activity awake. Increased parasympathetic activity REM causes erection.
Sleep disorders 2
Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
Sleep apnea - stop breathing 10 seconds or more while sleeping
Memory stages 3+1
Immediate - recall experience for a few seconds
Short-term memory - seconds to minutes
Long-term memory - days to years
Memory consolidation - reinforcement from frequent retrieval
Acupuncture
Fine needles inserted to specific points to relieve pain
Cerebral palsy
Loss of motor control and coordination, damage to motor areas of brain during fetal, birth, infancy
Coma
State of unconsciousness responses to stimuli reduced or absent
Pain threshold
Smallest intensity of painful simulus person perceives pain. Same in everyone
Pain tolerance
Greatest intensity of pain a person can tolerate
Synesthesia
Sensations of two or more modalities accompany one another, or one is perceived as another, like sound perceived as color.
