16 Sensory, Motor, Integrative Systems

Question 0

Sensory modality 19

Answer 0

General somatic tactile - touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle
General somatic - temperature, pain, proprioception
General - visceral - pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, temp.
Special - smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium

Question 1

Sensation, perception

Answer 1

Sensation - awareness of changes in internal or external environment
Perception - interpretation of sensations, cerebral cortex

Question 2

Sensory receptor classification microscopic structure 3

Answer 2

Free nerve endings - pain, thermal, tickle, itch, touch
Encapsulated nerve ending - pressure, vibration, touch
Separate cell - sight, hearing, taste

Question 3

Sensory receptor classification location 3

Answer 3

Exteroceptors - convey external stimuli
Interoceptors - visceral, blood vessels
Proprioceptors - muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear - position

Question 4

Sensory receptor classification type of stimulus 6

Answer 4

Mechanoreceptors - touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium
Thermoreceptors - temperature
Nocioceptors - pain
Photoreceptors - light
Chemoreceptors - chemicals taste, smell, body fluids
Osmoreceptors - osmotic pressure

Question 5

Skin receptors 5

Answer 5

Type I cutaneous mechano - tactile discs - epidermis
Corpuscle of touch - meissner - dermal papillae
Type II cutaneous mechano - ruffini corpuscle - deep in dermis
Hair root plexus - dermis
Lamellated corpuscle - pacinian - dermis and sub Q

Question 6

Types of pain 5

Answer 6

Fast pain - 0.1 seconds - sharp, acute
Slow pain - second or more - chronic, burning, throbbing
Superficial somatic pain
Deep somatic pain
Visceral pain

Question 7

Proprioception receptors - 3

Answer 7

Muscle spindle
Tendon organ
Joint kinesthetic receptor

Question 8

Somatic sensory pathways - number of neurons

Answer 8

First order - receptor to brain stem or spinal chord
Second order - brain stem to thalamus
Third order - thalamus to primary somatosensory area of cortex

Question 9

3 somatic sensory pathways

Answer 9

Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway
Trigeminothalamic pathway

Question 10

Cortex area for somatic sensory

Answer 10

Primary somatosensory area - 1, 2, 3

Question 11

Proprioceptor spinal tracts 2

Answer 11

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

Anterior spinocerebellar tract

Question 12

Final common pathway (motor)

Answer 12

Lower motor neurons- brain stem and spinal chord cell bodies, out cranial/spinal nerves, innervate skeletal muscles.

Question 13

Somatic motor pathway to LMN 4

Answer 13

Local circuit neurons - interneurons in brain stem and spinal chord
Upper motor neurons - from cerebral cortex and brain stem
Basal nuclei neurons - assist movement, initiate terminate movement, suppress unwanted movement
Cerebellar neurons - control upper motor neurons, coordinate

Question 14

Paralysis 2

Answer 14

Flaccid - no voluntary or reflex action, tone lost, limp. Same side
Spastic - tone increased, reflexes exaggerated, babinski appears. Opposite side.

Question 15

Corticospinal pathways 2

Answer 15

Upper motor neurons, cerebral cortex to peduncle midbrain to pyramids medulla 90% cross, rest cross in chord.
Lateral corticospinal - anterior roots, distal parts of limbs. Precise skill
Anterior corticospinal - cross in chord. Anterior root, proximal limbs

Question 16

Corticobulbar pathway 9 cranial nerves

Answer 16

Cerebrum, Midbrain peduncle, some cross

Oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

Question 17

Indirect motor pathways - extrapyramidal - 4

Answer 17

Tectospinal - superior colliculus, reflex move head eyes trunk to visual auditory input
Rubrospinal - red nucleus to distal muscles, precise
Vestibulospinal - vestibular nucleus to muscles for balance, posture
Medial lateral reticulospinal - reticular formation to muscles for posture, tone

Question 18

Roles of basal nuclei - 4

Answer 18

Initiation and termination of movement
Suppress unwanted movement
Influence muscle tone
Act with limbic to regulate emotional behaviors

Question 19

Disorders of basal nuclei - 5

Answer 19

Parkinson’s - shaking/tremors, rigidity
Huntington - inherited. Chorea - rapid jerky involuntary movements, dance
Tourette - involuntary movement tics and sounds vocal tics
Schizophrenia - delusions, paranoia, hallucinations
Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD - repetitive thoughts that cause repetitive actions obligated to perform. Check door locks over & over

Question 20

Modulation of movement by cerebellum 4

Answer 20

Monitor intention for movement
Monitor actual movement
Compare command signals with sensory information
Send out corrective feedback

Question 21

Wakefulness and sleep, rhythm, stem part 2

Answer 21

Circadian rhythm, 24 hours

Reticular activating system RAS - arousal

Question 22

Sleep stages - 4+1

Answer 22

Stage 1 - transition wake to sleep, 1-7 minutes
Stage 2 - light sleep, first true sleep
Stage 3 - moderately deep sleep, 20 minutes after falling asleep, BP and temp drop
Stage 4 - deepest, metabolism drops, reflexes intact, sleepwalking, transition 1-4 less than an hour
REM - alternate, every 90 minutes, last up to 50 minutes, 90-120 total per night. Infant spends 50% in REM, 25% adult. Brain blood flow and oxygen use higher in REM than intense activity awake. Increased parasympathetic activity REM causes erection.

Question 23

Sleep disorders 2

Answer 23

Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

Sleep apnea - stop breathing 10 seconds or more while sleeping

Question 24

Memory stages 3+1

Answer 24

Immediate - recall experience for a few seconds
Short-term memory - seconds to minutes
Long-term memory - days to years
Memory consolidation - reinforcement from frequent retrieval

Question 25

Acupuncture

Answer 25

Fine needles inserted to specific points to relieve pain

Question 26

Cerebral palsy

Answer 26

Loss of motor control and coordination, damage to motor areas of brain during fetal, birth, infancy

Question 27

Coma

Answer 27

State of unconsciousness responses to stimuli reduced or absent

Question 28

Pain threshold

Answer 28

Smallest intensity of painful simulus person perceives pain. Same in everyone

Question 29

Pain tolerance

Answer 29

Greatest intensity of pain a person can tolerate

Question 30

Synesthesia

Answer 30

Sensations of two or more modalities accompany one another, or one is perceived as another, like sound perceived as color.