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A&P I > 17 Special Senses Nervous > Flashcards

17 Special Senses Nervous Flashcards

0
Q

Olfactory types of cells 3 and gland 1 and where located in nose, life span

A

Basal cells - stem cells to replace receptors (live 1 month)
Olfactory receptor cells - odor chemicals bind to cilia
Supporting cells - columnar epithelial, support, nourishment, electrical insulation, help detoxify
Olfactory glands - bowmans glands, produce mucous
Superior nasal concha, through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

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1
Q

Number receptors olfactory

A

10-100 million, 10,000 odors

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2
Q

Olfactory adaptation 2

A

Rapid - 50% in first second, complete insensitivity in a minute

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3
Q

Olfactory center in cortex

A

Temporal lobe 28

Extend to frontal lobe, area 11, right

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4
Q

Olfactory transduction

A

Odor molecule binds to G protein in cilia.

Produces cAMP, opens Na channel, depolarizes

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5
Q

Hyposmia 2

A

Women have keener smell than men

Reduced ability to smell with age, half over 65 and 75% over 80

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6
Q

Number taste buds, where 4

A

10,000
Most in tongue
Soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis

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7
Q

Types of gustatory cells 3, life span

A

Basal cells - produce supporting cells, develop into receptor cells. Life span 10 days
Supporting cells - contain microvilli, surround about 50 receptors, this is a taste bud
Receptors

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8
Q

Where are taste buds found on tongue 3

A

12 large circular vallate papillae, inverted V back of tongue
Fungiform papillae, entire surface of tongue
Foliate papillae - side of tongue in child
Also filiform papillae, tactile receptors, increase friction, no taste buds

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9
Q

Gustatory adaptation

A

1-5 minutes continuous stimulation

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10
Q

Gustatory pathway 4

A

Facial nerve anterior 2/3 tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve posterior 1/3 tongue
Vagus nerve throat and epiglottis
Gustatory nucleus in medulla oblongata, primary gustatory area parietal lobe, area 43

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11
Q

Visible light spectrum

A

400-700 nm

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12
Q

Accessory structures eye 5

A 
Eyelids - protect, palpebra
Eyelashes
Eyebrows
Lacrimal (tear) apparatus
Extrinsic eye muscles
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13
Q

Parts of outer eye 6

A

Pupil - under cornea, black center
Iris - constrict or dilate
Cornea - clear cover in front
Lateral/medial commissure - corners
Palpebral fissure - angle of opening of eyelids
Conjunctiva - palpebral eyelid, bulbar over sclera white

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14
Q

Eye glands 3

A

Tarsal gland, in tarsal plate connective tissue, cyst if infected
Lacrimal caruncle - sebaceous and sudoriferous
Lacrimal gland - superior lateral, bathes eye in tears, flow to medial commissure, to lacrimal puncta to lacrimal sac to nasolacrimal duct

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15
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles 6, nerves 3

A

Superior / inferior rectus
Lateral / medial rectus
Superior / inferior oblique
Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens

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16
Q

Anatomy layers of eyeball 3

A

Fibrous tunic - cornea, sclera
Vascular tunic - choroid
Retina - optic disc, rods, cones, macula lutea, fovea centralis

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17
Q

Middle layer of eyeball - 9

A

Vascular tunic - choroid, melanocytes, melanin

  • ciliary body, ciliary processes, zonular fibers, ciliary muscle
  • iris, pupil
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18
Q

Retinal layer of eyeball - 7

A

Optic disc
Pigmented layer, neural layer
Rods - see at night
Cones - daylight but color - RGB
Macula lutea - spot in center of posterior of eye
Fovea centralis - center of macula lutea, only cones, sharpest vision

19
Q

Layers of retina neural layer 5

A 
Ganglion cell layer
Inner synaptic layer
Bipolar cell layer
Outer synaptic layer
Photoreceptor cell layer
20
Q

Detached retina 3

A

Trauma, blow to head
Btw neural and pigmented layers
Reattach laser or cryosurgery quickly

21
Q

High level inside eyeball 6, how often replaced

A

Anterior cavity - anterior + posterior chamber, contains aqueous humor
Cornea to lens - anterior chamber
Ciliary body to lens, behind iris - posterior chamber
Lens to retina - vitreous chamber, contains vitreous body/humor
Aqueous humor replaced every 90 minutes
Cornea, lens, fluids refract light to hit retina

22
Q

Presbyopia

A

Aging, lens loses elasticity, cannot read as close

23
Q

Refraction abnormalities and lens to correct, normal - 4

A

Emmetropic eye - normal
Myopia, nearsighted - eyeball too long, concave lens
Hyperopia, hypermetropia, farsighted - eyeball too short, convex lens
Astigmatism - cornea or lens irregular curve
LASIK - laser to shape cornea

24
Q

Light and dark adaptation

A

Light over seconds

Dark over minutes

25
Q

Special senses cortex areas 4

A

Optic occipital, area 17
Olfactory temporal 28, extends to frontal 11
Gustatory parietal 43
Hearing temporal 41, 42

26
Q

Binocular vision

A

Nasal or central half
Temporal or peripheral half
Nasal cross, temporal do not cross

27
Q

How fast do we transduce sound

A

1000 times faster than photoreceptors

28
Q

External ear parts 5

A 
Auricle / pinna
Lobule
External auditory canal
Cerumen wax
Tympanic membrane
29
Q

Middle ear parts 5

A

Auditory ossicles malleus, incus, stapes
Oval window, round window
Tensor tympani muscle limits prevents damage loud noise
Stapedius muscle smallest, dampens (hyperacusia without)
Auditory tube eustachian

30
Q

Inner ear parts 3

A

Bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth semicircular canal - dynamic
Saccule, utricle - static
Cochlea - hearing

31
Q

Loud sounds damage

A

Hair cells of cochlea

90 db need hearing protectors, deafness

32
Q

Formation of eyes

A

22 days, ectoderm to optic grooves, optic vesicles, lens placodes, optic cups, optic stalks

33
Q

Ear development

A

22 days

34
Q

Special senses and aging 6

A 
Problems start at 50
Presbyopia - lens loses elasticity
Cataracts
Problems going light to dark - iris muscles weaken
Glaucoma 60
Presbycusis - hearing loss 60 25%
35
Q

Cataract

A

Loss of transparency of lens

36
Q

Glaucoma 3

A

Most common cause of blindness, 2% over age 40
Overpressure of aqueous humor
Also normal/low tension glaucoma

37
Q

Deafness

A

Sensorineural - hair cells, cochlear nerve
Conduction deafness - impairment outer/middle ear mechanics
Meniere’s - fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo. Total destruction of hearing over years.

38
Q

Ageusia

A

Loss of sense of taste

39
Q

Amblyopia

A

Loss of vision due to wandering eye

40
Q

Anosmia

A

Loss of sense of smell

41
Q

Miosis/mydriasis

A

Constriction/dilation of pupil

42
Q

Nystagmus

A

Rapid involuntary eye movement

43
Q

Tonometer

A

Measure eye pressure

44
Q

Trachoma

A

Serious conjunctivitis, bacteria, single greatest cause of blindness in world

A&P I (10 decks)

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