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Pnb exam 2 > Nerve Systems (From input to output) > Flashcards

Nerve Systems (From input to output) Flashcards

1
Q

Fascicles

A

Contain numerous axons

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2
Q

endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

A

connective tissues that surround axons

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3
Q

Nerves

A

Nourished by blood vessels and bathed in cerebrospinal fluid on the other side of blood brain barrier

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

sensory inputs and motor outputs. voluntary and involuntary divisions

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5
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

changes in growth or connectivity of interacting neurons.

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6
Q

Central Pattern Generators

A

Moves the body in semi-automated fashion

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7
Q

2 neuron reflex

A

involving afferent and efferent neuron

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8
Q

Afferent neurons have … cell body

A

centrally positioned

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9
Q

spatiotemporal summation

A

determines whether an action potential will be fired or not

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10
Q

Convergent reflex arcs

A

Many receptors on a single efferent neuron

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11
Q

Divergent reflex arcs

A

One receptor signaling many efferent neurons

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12
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Consists of a main centralized nerve chord and a brain

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13
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Lead from PNS to CNS. Convert stimuli to electrical signal.

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14
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Lead from CNS to PNS

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15
Q

The CNS contains … that act as a middle ground between afferent and efferent neurons

A

interneurons

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16
Q

An interneuron modulates the signal …

A

stronger or weaker

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17
Q

Polysynaptic reflex arc

A

afferent to interneuron to efferent to action

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18
Q

Afferent neurons enter the spinal cords …. In the spinal cord the … is exterior to the …

A

grey matter, white matter (myelinated axons) , grey matter (nerve cell bodies)

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19
Q

Interneurons are located within the

A

grey matter

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20
Q

Axons of efferent (motor) neurons run back out of the spine through the … of the spinal nerve to the …

A

ventral root, tissues

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21
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain + Spinal Cord

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22
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Afferent and efferent neural pathways

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23
Q

Motor division

A

Voluntary control

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24
Q

Autonomic division

A

Involuntary and subdivided into 3 categories. Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.

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25
Q

Under stress the … system is involuntarily told to … (peristalas)

A

enteric, stop digestion

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26
Q

Most organs are dually innervated by … and … nerves

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

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27
Q

Why are sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves called antagonistic pairs?

A

Because they enact opposite physiological functions

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28
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Speeds things up. Increases metabolic, heart, and breathing rate. Fight or Flight response. Short pre and long postganglionic neurons.

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29
Q

Catabolic sympathetic nervous system

A

Burn nutrient stores for energy. Release glucose from the liver.

30
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Inner part of adrenal gland that acts like a specialized ganglion. Innervated by a sympathetic nerve called the splanchnic nerve.

31
Q

Adrenal medulla contains … which secrete … and … when activated by this nerve during the stress response

A

chromaffin cells, epinephrine, norepinphrine

32
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

secretes catecholamines by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted by the anterior pituitary.

33
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Slows things down. Decrease metabolic heart and breathing rate. Rest and Digest. Long pre and short post ganglionic neurons

34
Q

Anabolic Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Absorb nutrients and store energy. Maintenance and repair.

35
Q

The 4 nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Oculomotor, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

36
Q

Both para and sympathetic nervous systems release … during pre ganglionic neurons. However the sympathetic nervous system release … to target effector proteins

A

acetylcholine, norepinephrine

37
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

Olfactory, Optic, Acoustic/Vestibulocochlear

38
Q

Motor Nerves

A

Oculomotor (Eye AND Iris), Trochlear (Eye), Adbucens (Eye /external rectus, abducts the eye), Accessory (Neck) ,Hypoglossal (Tongue)

39
Q

Sensory AND Motor Nerves

A

Trigeminal (Taste, teeth, facial touch, jaw muscles), Facial (Tongue and palate, salivary glands, facial muscles), Glossopharyngeal (Posterior tongue and pharynx muscles), Vagus (Heart, lungs, GI tract, larynx)

40
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system has which nerves

A

Oculomotor, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus

41
Q

Which nerves involved in gag reflex?

A

Glossopharyngeal and Vagus

42
Q

Trigeminal Nerve has 3 large branches. One is … the other …. and the last one ….

A

Opthalmic (sensory), Maxillary (Sensory), and Mandibular (Sensory/Mandibular)

43
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

Painful compression or damage to the nerve

44
Q

The enteric nervous system uses …. to communicate its needs to the brain.

A

the vagus nerve

45
Q

A decrease in blood pressure is detected by the …. in the hindbrain

A

medulla oblangata

46
Q

Cardiomyocytes

A

Control heart contractability

47
Q

The medulla communicates with the heart using the … and …. nerves.

A

sympathetic cardiac (increases), parasympathetic vagus (decreases)

48
Q

The medulla can also tell the heart to speed up using the … nerve

A

cardiac spinal

49
Q

RAAS

A

Just know it involves the kidneys and an important regulator of bp

50
Q

Baroflex

A

How the CNS can detect changes in blood pressure. Autonomic corrective response to bp fluctuations.

51
Q

The 2 bp sensors on arteries near the left heart that detect pressure are the … and …

A

aortic body in aortic arch, and carotid body in the carotid sinus. Both are innervated with with sensory receptors that fire (depolarize) when stretched by higher bp

52
Q

Action potentials are sent to the … about hypertension stimulating the … to … heart rate

A

medulla, vagus, decrease

53
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

neural plasticity by how the neuron changes after a prolonged stimulus

54
Q

Synaptic facilitation

A

Greater levels of calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels at the axon terminal leads to more neurotransmitter (NTM) release from synaptic vesicles, which excites the postsynaptic neuron.​

55
Q

As a secondary messenger the calcium binds to … on the … facilitating their movement into the “active zone” of the

A

axon terminal

56
Q

Calcium also helps vesicles bind to docking proteins on … and then release NTMS into the synaptic cleft via …

A

presynaptic membrane, exocytosis

57
Q

Post tetanic potentiation (PTP)

A

When the depolarization is stronger the second time. (memory recall)

58
Q

Facilitating interneurons

A

Gets sensitized by another sensory neuron which facilitates reaction by sending other neurotransmitters like serotonin to the presynaptic axon terminal.

59
Q

Serotonin binds to … on the presynaptic neuron which active … to make …

A

GPCR, adenylate cyclase, cAMP

60
Q

cAMP activates … which … voltage gated K+ channels preventing potassium ….. Positive charge then ….

A

PKA, inactivates, efflux, accumulates

61
Q

During the process in which cAMP deactivates K+ channels, … can stay open leading to prolonged exocytosis of …

A

voltage gated calcium channels, neurotransmitters

62
Q

When the snail recieves an electric shock to the tail its habituation to siphon touch goes away because …

A

of the interneuron (GPCR, cAMP, PKA) that connects between the tail and siphon

63
Q

sinosoidal undulations

A

the movements that nematodes make such as the c elegans in which touching the creature causes it to make a sudden stop reverse motion

64
Q

Predacious fungal hyphae have … which trap nematodes

A

snares. The inflation fo these hyphal rings keeps the nematode from escaping. If they back out instead of twitching their head they will survive

65
Q

Swim oscillator (Central patter generate CPG)

A

Alternatively contracts dorsal and ventral axial muscles via two motor neurons in leeches. Touching it will release a thigmotropic response. The brain makes the final decision as to where the leech wants to go. Brain stimulates swim excitor interneuron rather than swim gating interneuron .

66
Q

In the fish that turn their bodies into a C shape, sound waves detected by the labyrinth trigger an extremely long … that synapses with motor neurons

A

Mauthner neuron (M)

67
Q

Commissural interneurons

A

inhibit the left side of the fish from moving when it hears a sound of the left side

68
Q

Motor neurons extend from the … to a … in the …

A

motor cortex, ventral root, spinal cord

69
Q

Pyramidal tract

A

Voluntary limb movement. Connects motor cortex and spinal cord. Its faster because their are less synapses.

70
Q

Extrapyramidal tract

A

Balance and posture. Proprioceptors (stretch muscles or spindle neurons) give the cerebellum information about the animal’s 3D limb position in space.

71
Q

The cerebellum connects to the motor cortex via nerve projections in the …

A

thalamus

72
Q

The cerebellum also receives input from the vestibule the semicircular canals and maculae about

A

spacial equilibrium

Pnb exam 2 (8 decks)

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