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Pnb exam 2 > Circulatory Systems 1 > Flashcards

Circulatory Systems 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three diversities of the circulatory system

A

None, open, closed

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2
Q

Open system

A

Blood (hemolymph) does not always remain inside a vascularized system. No veins. The heart has holes that suck in the hemolymph when the chamber expands. When the heart expands, blood is pushed out through the arteries. Blood flow may also be bidirectional

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3
Q

Closed system

A

Blood remains separate from interstitial fluid. Stay inside capillaries. It flows unidirectionally entering heart through veins exiting through arteries.

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4
Q

Back flow is prevented through …

A

one way valves

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5
Q

Blood delivers … from the lungs/gills to the … and removes …

A

oxygen, tissues, CO2

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6
Q

Vertebrates red blood cells are called … containing … which help transport …

A

erythrocytes, hemoglobin, oxygen through the bloodstream

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7
Q

The blood also delivers … which is absorbed by the gut through blood plasma

A

nutrients

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8
Q

Blood removes … from metabolizing tissues excreted from the kidney

A

nitrogenous waste products

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9
Q

Leucocytes (White blood cells) (Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Granulocytes)

A

protect body from diseases

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10
Q

Diffusion rate decreases when …, … and …. decreases

A

temperature, concentration, surface area

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11
Q

Diffusion rate decreases when … and … increases

A

particle size and distance

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12
Q

Bulk Flow

A

Fixes the problem of long distance diffusion in larger animals.

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13
Q

Poriferans (Sponges)

A

Water enters the body cavity (spongocoel) and is directed out the osculum by beating flagella in the choanocytes

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14
Q

Poriferans (Sponges) Bulk Flow

A

Water enters the body cavity (spongocoel) and is directed out the osculum by beating flagella in the choanocytes

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15
Q

Cnidarians Bulk Flow

A

have tidal flow of water; it enters and exits the gastrovascular cavity through the mouth, driven by muscular contractions of the body.​

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16
Q

Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Bulk Flow

A

contract a muscular pharynx to propel fluid through their gastrovascular cavity

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17
Q

tidal flow

A

meaning the fluid leaves the same opening from which it came

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18
Q

Tunicates

A

Function similarly to sponges and cnidarians but actually have circulatory systems

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19
Q

True or False: Echinoderms and Nematodes have circulatory systems

A

False. They have water vascular systems. The body moves in a way that moves the interstitial fluid bringing nutrients to other regions and providing exchange of gases

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20
Q

Echinoderms

A

Ringed central canal, radial canals, and ampullae that open ventrally into the tube feet on the ventral (oral) side that have suction power.

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21
Q

Madreporite

A

Opening in dorsal side of starfish where seawater enters

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22
Q

Pseudocoel

A

A nematodes gut wall that absorbs nutrients.

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23
Q

Peristaltic Contraction (some invertebrate hearts and early vertebrate embryos)

A

The smooth muscle of a blood vessel contracts in a wave unidirectionally pushing the fluid along

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24
Q

External Muscular Pump

A

Acts as external pumps. Squeezing the vessel and increasing pressure of fluid. Relaxation is periodically needed to allow blood to flow through the vessel.

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25
Q

Contractile chamber

A

Contraction of muscular walls of a closed chamber decreases its volume, increasing pressure of fluid.

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26
Q

Arthropods and mollusks have

A

open circulatory systems

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27
Q

In open circulatory systems blood is sometimes stored not in the vessels but instead within a sinus called the …

A

hemocoel

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28
Q

Crustaceans have a … circulatory system

A

semi-closed

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29
Q

Hemocyanin

A

Makes blood blue in crustaceans. (So not hemoglobin like what mammals have)

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30
Q

Vertebrates, cephalopods, and most annelids have

A

closed circulatory systems

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31
Q

Although fish have closed circulatory systems, they only have

A

one circuit

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32
Q

Annelids MAY have

A

open circulatory systems

33
Q

All oligochaetes (earth worms) have

A

closed circulatory systems (and 5 hearts)

34
Q

Bivalves have

A

open circulatory systems

35
Q

Squids have … hearts. The … and 2 …

A

3, systematic heart (pumps oxygenated blood to tissues), branchial hearts (pumps deoxygenated blood through the gills)

36
Q

Mollusks have … as a respiratory pigment

A

hemocyanin

37
Q

Ostia

A

The holes in the heart of open circulatory systems

38
Q

Do clams have ostia?

A

No it has a gill vein.

39
Q

Many invertebrate hearts are … which means stimulated by cardiac ganglion

A

neurogenic

40
Q

In contrast, vertebrate hearts are … which mean s contraction of cardiomyocytes autoregulated and synchronized by pacemaker cells dervied from the right atrium

A

myogenic

41
Q

Crayfish

A

have cardio excitatory peptides and GABA

42
Q

Arachnids

A

Book lungs. carry gases inside of ductwork that encapsulates the long abdominal heart.

43
Q

True or false: insects have veins

A

false

44
Q

Systole

A

Pump squeezing

45
Q

Diastole

A

Sucking

46
Q

In insects, there is a heart corresponding which each

A

body segment

47
Q

In insects the … system can reach each cells so hemoglobin doesnt have to transport oxygen

A

tracheal

48
Q

Single circuit (In fish)

A

The 2 chambered heart of fish pumps deoxygenated blood into the ventral aorta and branchial arteries. Blood is oxygenated at the gill epithelium and sent posteriorly through the through the dorsal aorta.

49
Q

Single circuit hearts have … pressure

A

low

50
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

The second circuit in air breathing vertebrates that increases blood pressure. 3-5 chambered. Deoxygenated blood is pumped through the right heart to the lungs.

51
Q

The systemic circuit

A

Oxygenated blood is pumped by the left heart to the body to supply the tissues.

52
Q

… and … are our nearest chordate kin. both groups have open circulatory systems with hearts consisting of … and … layers.

A

Tunicates and lancelets. Myocardium, epicardium

53
Q

Total Water

A

Intra + extracellular fluid (Inter+Intra)

ECF= ISF+IVF

54
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

What is inside or outside of a blood vessel. Split into Interstitial and intravascular

55
Q

2/3 of bodily fluid is

A

intracellular

56
Q

1/3 of bodily fluid is

A

extracellular

57
Q

Hemocytes

A

Invertebrate blood CELLS. Have NO Respiratory function.

58
Q

True or False: Insects cannot have hemoglobin at ALL

A

False. They can just not inside cells.

59
Q

3 types of immune cells in insects

A

Plasmatocytes, lamellocytes (parasites), crystal cells (digestive foreign cells)

60
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets that clot blood after laceration.

61
Q

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

lack mitochondria, super small, reduction of oxidative stress.

62
Q

Arteries carry oxygenated blood … the heart at

A

away from, high pressure

63
Q

Veins carry deoxygenated blood… the heart at

A

towards, low pressure

64
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery

65
Q

The middle of arteries have … muscle which can ….. They also have 2 layers of … that help it stretch.

A

smooth, vasoconstrict, elastic membranes

66
Q

Capillaries

A

thin walled vessels that are leaky so they can supply surrounding tissues with oxygen and nutrients.

67
Q

Blood goes from arteries to …. to …. which supply …

A

arterioles, capillaries, tissues

68
Q

From the capillaries the blood goes to … to … which now carry oxygenated blood through a … to the heart

A

venules, veins, atrium

69
Q

3 kinds of variation in capillary structure

A

continuous (skin/muscle), fenestrated (kidney), sinusoidal (liver)

70
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

outward (FILTRATION)

71
Q

Osmotic pressure (oncotic/colloidal)

A

inward (REABSORPTION)

72
Q

Oxygenated blood has a higher net of … than … because of its higher pressure

A

filtration, reabsorption

73
Q

As more things are filtrated there becomes

A

no net movement. Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure are equal

74
Q

Hypoxia Inducing Factor

A

Cells that are starved of oxygen release this. It promotoes angiogenesis which unfortunately causes cancer.

75
Q

Lymphatic system

A

restores blood volume by recovering the filtrate that left due to hydrostatic pressure. Otherwise, edema might happen which is the fluid filled interstitial fluid

76
Q

The filtered lymph is brought back to the circulatory system through a

A

venous portal/subclavian veins

77
Q

Subclavian veins

A

Returns deoxygenated blood from the forelimbs under the clavicle into the jugular vein which empties into the right atrium of the heart

78
Q

Other ways to get edema

A

Obstruction of lymphatic vessels by parasitic nematodes, cancer,

79
Q

Lymph nodes

A

white blood cells reside here to look out for pathogens

Pnb exam 2 (8 decks)

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