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Pnb exam 2 > Animal Sensory Systems P.2 > Flashcards

Animal Sensory Systems P.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanoreception

A

Touch, hearing, balance, proprioception. Can be found in the skin and muscles to sense touch and pressure

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2
Q

Semicircular canals are located in the…

A

pars superior.

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3
Q

Pars Inferior

A

In the same general area as the cochlea. Allows the animal to hear and sense gravity

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4
Q

Pars Superior

A

Allows the animal to sense its 3D orientation in space (spatial equilibrium) and rotational acceleration forces in the semicircular canals (XYZ axes)

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5
Q

How is chemoreception and mechanoreception similar?

A

They both transduce sensory stimuli into an electric signal

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6
Q

Tentacled Snake

A

Has facial appendages that can detect pressure waves. Under the scales are mechanoreceptors that fire when they feel waves ripple through the water

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7
Q

Sensilla

A

Hairlike (trichoid) projections that allow invertebrates to smell through their exoskeletons.

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8
Q

If the sensilla brush against a surface, it stretches … that are in the membrane of the mechanosensory neuron.

A

transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels

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9
Q

Action potentials from the sensilla are transmitted to the …

A

Central Nervous System

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10
Q

Free nerve endings and corpuscles

A

detect pain and pressure in vertebrates

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11
Q

Proprioception

A

A type of mechanoreception of the tendons that sense stretch of skeletal muscles. Gives a sense of spacial orientation

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12
Q

Nociceptors

A

Provides pain reception

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13
Q

Hair cell

A

One of the most important mechanoreceptors in vertebrates. They can depolarize upon stimulation from movement of their apical hairs (microvilli)

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14
Q

Stereocilia

A

Actin rods that run longitudinally up parallel cilia which are modified apical microvilli.

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15
Q

Kinocilium

A

A taller stereocilia. The stereocilia increases in height to this. (Looks like stairs with the kinocilium being the highest level)

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16
Q

Tip links

A

Made of cadherin proteins that attach to mechano-electrical transducer channels or more specifically TMC dimers

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16
Q

At rest, the hair cell…

A

is slightly depolarized and releasing SOME action potentials

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17
Q

When pressure signals pull the kinocilium forward…

A

the tip links are tugged and mechanically gated K+ channels open. More neurotransmitters and action potentials are released when there’s an influx of pottasium.

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18
Q

Influx of potassium through the mechano-K+ channels causes entry of …

A

calcium when voltage gated Ca+ channels are opened

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19
Q

The hair cell is hyperpolarized when…

A

pressure pushes the hairs the opposite way causing voltage gated K+ channels to close. No neurotransmitters are released at this point

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20
Q

Stria vascularis

A

an epithelial membrane located in scala media of the cochlea. Produces potassium using NKA and NKCC transporters!!!

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21
Q

What must potassium do to reset the mechanoreceptors?

A

Leak out of the hair cells

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22
Q

Neuromasts

A

Clusters of hair cells enjoined by a gel-like cupula in fish. Water brushes against them through pores in a line across the side of the fish. Afferent neurons connected to the neuromasts send afferent neurons to the CNS

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23
Q

Functions of neuromasts

A

Acts like a distance touch sensor which is critical for fish to sense one another. Can also detect particle movement

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24
Q

True or False: Neuromasts are similar to the hair cells found in the inner ear of humans

A

True

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25
Q

The action potentials do not happen from the movement of the neuromasts themselves (at first) but the movement of the …

A

cupula

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26
Q

C start

A

When fish shape there bodies into the letter C in order to protect themselves from predators

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27
Q

Predators (tentacled snakes ex.) have adapted to overcome the C start by shaping themselves into an

A

L

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28
Q

Feint

A

The predator tricks the prey by moving slightly, stimulating the preys C shape. This is when the predator uses its L shape to catch the prey in a perfect position. Not where the prey is where it will be.

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29
Q

Tympanic membrane is otherwise known as the

A

eardrum (First structure present after the auditory canal)

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30
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, stapes. Right next to the ear drum. Transduce the sound to hearing device in inner ear. Evolved from the articular and quadrate in fish jaws. Increase energy transferred to the oval window from the ear drum.

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31
Q

Semicircular canals

A

the loops above the cochlea (cochlea has spiral shape). contains ampullae which allow for spacial orientation

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32
Q

Where are utricle maculae and saccule maculae located and what are they?

A

Pars inferior. They are beds of hair cells

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33
Q

Utricle

A

detects linear acceleration. found in the upper maculae

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34
Q

Saccule

A

detects gravity. found in the lower maculae

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35
Q

Lagena

A

Part of the cochlea responsable for hearing

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36
Q

Pinna

A

Collects sound. Outer cartilage part of the ear

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37
Q

Another word for the pars superior is the

A

upper labyrinth

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38
Q

Ampullae are similar to

A

neuromasts

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39
Q

Another word for the pars inferior is the…

A

lower labyrinth

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40
Q

The cochlea hears

A

sound wave amplitude and pitch

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41
Q

Early mammals only had which auditory ossicle?

A

Stapes

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42
Q

The malleus (hammer) evolved from

A

articular (lower jaw joint)

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43
Q

The incus (anvil) evolved from

A

quadrate (upper jaw joint)

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44
Q

Stapes is called the … in reptiles

A

columella

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45
Q

The stapes (stirrup) evolved from

A

hyomandibula (2nd pharyngeal arch in the hyoid arch)

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46
Q

Owls use what to capture and reflect sounds to the ears?

A

Facial disks

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47
Q

Interaural timing difference (ITD)

A

The concept that we can pinpoint the location of a sound because it hits that eardrum before the other

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48
Q

Our … helps us triangulate sound along the horizontal plane (left or right)

A

bilateral symmetry

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49
Q

True or False: Owls have symmetrical ears

A

False they have asymmetrical ears to help them find things vertically. Above or below them.

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50
Q

Ruff

A

reflects incoming sound waves to the ear drum in owls

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51
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed vertebrates. Have 3 semicircular canals in each inner ear

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52
Q

Hagfishes have

A

1 semicircular canal and 2 ampullae (or crests) one on each side

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53
Q

Lampreys have

A

2 semicircular canals each containing one crista

54
Q

Each canal is arranged

A

orthogonally (at right angles from one another) for sensing 3-D spatial equilibrium and motion

55
Q

Endolymph

A

The fluid that fills the canals.

56
Q

The base of each semicircular canal has a swelling called an

A

ampulla

57
Q

The bottom of each ampullae has an ampullary ridge or crest called a

A

crista

58
Q

How many spacial axes do the semicircular canals have?

A

3

59
Q

X axes

A

Roll. The longitudinal axes

60
Q

Y axes

A

Pitch. The lateral axis. Nose up or down.

61
Q

Z axes

A

Yaw. The vertical axes. Spin left or right

62
Q

Vertigo

A

Dizziness caused from pathologies of the SC’s ampullae, or the maculae

63
Q

Macula (Otolith organs)

A

A bed of hair cells underlying ear stones called otoliths (or otoconia). The sliding of the stones moves hairs.

64
Q

Invertebrate … are like our …

A

statocysts, maculas

65
Q

Otoliths

A

objects that the hair cells feel moving about the chamber in the maculae. Lie on top of the jelly and shift around, vibrating the gel and bending/disturbing the cilia.

66
Q

Otoliths are made of…

A

calcium carbonate

67
Q

Statoconia

A

Shark otiliths

68
Q

Statoliths

A

Crustacean and mollusk otiliths. Shake inside of statocysts

69
Q

True or false: Scientists can tell the age of fish by counting rings on their otoliths

A

True

70
Q

Cyclosomes

A

A worm like animal with a single common macula in each labyrinth that detect spatial position

71
Q

A … jaw joint freed the …

A

dentary-squamosal, articular and quadrate

72
Q

Our 3 ear bones are homologous to

A

fish’s jaw joint. Specifically the hyomandibula, quadrate, and articular

73
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fishes. Their lower jaw consists of three interlocking bones. the dentary, angular, and articular

74
Q

The jaw JOINT of Osteichthyes is formed from the

A

articular and quadrate

75
Q

Malleus is evolutionarily homologous to the

A

articular jaw bone of the fish

76
Q

Incus is evolutionarily homologous to the

A

quadrate jaw bone of the fish

77
Q

Stapes is evolutionarily homologous to the

A

stapes jaw bone of the fish

78
Q

In humans, the dentary bone of fish is called the

A

mandible

79
Q

Oval window

A

Right after ossicles, right before cochlea

80
Q

The cochlea is filled with … like how semicircular canals are filled with …

A

perilymph, endolymph

81
Q

Sound causes the … to resonate and shear to distinguish pitch

A

basilar membrane

82
Q

Air waves from noise causes fluid to vibrate sending an electrical impulse to the

A

auditory cortex

83
Q

Inside the cochlea contains the

A

organ of corti

84
Q

The organ of corti is surrounded by the … at the top and the … at the bottom

A

upper vestibular duct, lower basilar duct

85
Q

Instead of otoconia, the cilia of the hair cells in the organ of Corti are attached to the …

A

tectorial membrane

86
Q

Proximal (base) is

A

stiff

87
Q

Distal (tip) is

A

flexible

88
Q

The base detects

A

higher pitches

89
Q

The tip detects

A

lower pitches

90
Q

Vestibule

A

A cavity in the middle of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear

91
Q

Round window

A

End of the cochlea

92
Q

Place coding

A

regionalized mapping of auditory stimulus in the brain

93
Q

Matched vocalizations

A

An animal can usually produce a sound as loud as it can hear

94
Q

Infrasonic

A

A sound lower than what a human can hear

95
Q

Ultrasonic

A

A sound higher than what a human can hear

96
Q

Hertz

A

Wave cycles per second

97
Q

True or False: Non-mammalian vertebrates can usually hear better than vertebrates

A

False. Non mammalian vertebrates usually hear very poorly

98
Q

Flies and bees detect sound vibrations through

A

ciliated cells at the best of their antennae

99
Q

Crickets and katydids hear via … on their …

A

tympanas, tibias

100
Q

Acoustic trachea

A

Modified breathing tubes that carry sound from inside

101
Q

Diptera and Hymenoptera have ears where?

A

At the base or pedicel of their antenaee

102
Q

Johnsons Organ

A

Within the pedicel segment. A cluster of 200 mechanosensory cells called scolopale cells resembling vertebrate hair cells

103
Q

Scolopale cells

A

Have long actin bundles that surround ciliated neurons. They are bound in a cap that touches the distal-adjacent segment of the antennae.

104
Q

True or False: hearing evolved multiple times independently in different groups

A

True

105
Q

Grasshoppers and cicadas have tympana on various parts of their

A

thorax

106
Q

Tympana is analogous to our

A

ear drum because it vibrates in response to pressure waves

107
Q

Instead of the auditory ossicles in crickets the transfer of energy from the air to fluid by way of the tympanum through a series of bony “levers” called the

A

tympanal plate

108
Q

The tympanal plate jiggles a lipid filled channel called an … which is similar to how in vertebrates our stapes vibrates the ….

A

acoustic vesicle, oval window

109
Q

Crista acoustica

A

the mechanosensory strip within the fluid filled acoustic vesicle

110
Q

Insects breathe air through openings in their exoskeleton called

A

spiracles

111
Q

Spiracles

A

Allow gases to pass through an elaborate ductwork called a tracheal system

112
Q

Weta (large cricket) tracheal system

A

Trachea tubules that pass through the front legs of the weta. Besides gas passing through them for breathing, they can also carry sound waves to the tympana

113
Q

In echolocation, loud rapid chirps increase or decrease homing accuracy and offset attenuation of sound

A

Increase

114
Q

To prevent ear damage in humans, the … and the … contract to decrease the vibrations of the ossicles

A

tensor tympani, stapedius

115
Q

What is one animal that can confuse bats with their own echolocation (evolutionary arms race)

A

Moths

116
Q

Do sounds travel faster in water or air?

A

water

117
Q

Toothed whales (Odontoceti)

A

These whales evolved echolocation independently

118
Q

In whales, air is inhaled through the … and stored in the …

A

blowhole, dorsal air sacs

119
Q

After the dorsal air sac, the air then passes through the …

A

phonic lips (monkey lips) in the nasal canal (spiracular cavity) which vibrate and rub against each other generating clicks.

120
Q

After the nasal canal the sound vibrations project forward resonating in a

A

fatty melon

121
Q

Fatty melon

A

contorts sound. acts as an acoustic mirror.

122
Q

Reflected sound waves bounce back to the whale and are received in the

A

lower jaw (mandible) and a fat filled chamber (bursa) that lies between the bones.

123
Q

After the sound hits the acoustic window (fatty filled chamber area)

A

vibrations then enter the middle and inner ear stimulating hair cells in the cochlea

124
Q

Gas bladder (swim bladder)

A

Has thin membrane impermeable to gases. Buoyancy regulation but also underwater hearing aid.

125
Q

In Ostariophysans, the inner ear is connected to the swim bladder via a series of bones called the

A

Weberian ossicles

126
Q

Weberian ossicles

A

Claustrum, scaphium, intercalarium, tripus (from top to bottom)

127
Q

Otocephala

A

All groups with lipid or bony connection

128
Q

Ostariophysi

A

Subset of the octocephala with the weberian ossicles

129
Q

Clupeomorpha

A

Subset of the octocephala with a lipid tube connecting the swim bladder and the ear

130
Q

Sonic muscles

A

drive sound production for animal communication.

131
Q

Cicada

A

They slide plates in an exoskeletal patch called the tymbal. Males call the attract females

132
Q

Toadfish

A

Sonic muscles envelop the bilateral swim bladder like a muscle wrapped balloon. Vibration of the swim bladder sends out territorial or courtship grunts underwater.

133
Q

Hair cells are delicate channels whos … are pulled open when apical hairs bend due to sound waves propagating through a fluid

A

MET channels

Pnb exam 2 (8 decks)

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