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Pnb exam 2 > Animal Sensory Systems P.2 > Flashcards

Animal Sensory Systems P.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanoreception

A

Touch, hearing, balance, proprioception. Can be found in the skin and muscles to sense touch and pressure

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2
Q

Semicircular canals are located in the…

A

pars superior.

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3
Q

Pars Inferior

A

In the same general area as the cochlea. Allows the animal to hear and sense gravity

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4
Q

Pars Superior

A

Allows the animal to sense its 3D orientation in space (spatial equilibrium) and rotational acceleration forces in the semicircular canals (XYZ axes)

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5
Q

How is chemoreception and mechanoreception similar?

A

They both transduce sensory stimuli into an electric signal

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6
Q

Tentacled Snake

A

Has facial appendages that can detect pressure waves. Under the scales are mechanoreceptors that fire when they feel waves ripple through the water

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7
Q

Sensilla

A

Hairlike (trichoid) projections that allow invertebrates to smell through their exoskeletons.

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8
Q

If the sensilla brush against a surface, it stretches … that are in the membrane of the mechanosensory neuron.

A

transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels

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9
Q

Action potentials from the sensilla are transmitted to the …

A

Central Nervous System

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10
Q

Free nerve endings and corpuscles

A

detect pain and pressure in vertebrates

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11
Q

Proprioception

A

A type of mechanoreception of the tendons that sense stretch of skeletal muscles. Gives a sense of spacial orientation

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12
Q

Nociceptors

A

Provides pain reception

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13
Q

Hair cell

A

One of the most important mechanoreceptors in vertebrates. They can depolarize upon stimulation from movement of their apical hairs (microvilli)

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14
Q

Stereocilia

A

Actin rods that run longitudinally up parallel cilia which are modified apical microvilli.

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15
Q

Kinocilium

A

A taller stereocilia. The stereocilia increases in height to this. (Looks like stairs with the kinocilium being the highest level)

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16
Q

Tip links

A

Made of cadherin proteins that attach to mechano-electrical transducer channels or more specifically TMC dimers

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16
Q

At rest, the hair cell…

A

is slightly depolarized and releasing SOME action potentials

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17
Q

When pressure signals pull the kinocilium forward…

A

the tip links are tugged and mechanically gated K+ channels open. More neurotransmitters and action potentials are released when there’s an influx of pottasium.

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18
Q

Influx of potassium through the mechano-K+ channels causes entry of …

A

calcium when voltage gated Ca+ channels are opened

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19
Q

The hair cell is hyperpolarized when…

A

pressure pushes the hairs the opposite way causing voltage gated K+ channels to close. No neurotransmitters are released at this point

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20
Q

Stria vascularis

A

an epithelial membrane located in scala media of the cochlea. Produces potassium using NKA and NKCC transporters!!!

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21
Q

What must potassium do to reset the mechanoreceptors?

A

Leak out of the hair cells

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22
Q

Neuromasts

A

Clusters of hair cells enjoined by a gel-like cupula in fish. Water brushes against them through pores in a line across the side of the fish. Afferent neurons connected to the neuromasts send afferent neurons to the CNS

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23
Q

Functions of neuromasts

A

Acts like a distance touch sensor which is critical for fish to sense one another. Can also detect particle movement

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24
True or False: Neuromasts are similar to the hair cells found in the inner ear of humans
True
25
The action potentials do not happen from the movement of the neuromasts themselves (at first) but the movement of the ...
cupula
26
C start
When fish shape there bodies into the letter C in order to protect themselves from predators
27
Predators (tentacled snakes ex.) have adapted to overcome the C start by shaping themselves into an
L
28
Feint
The predator tricks the prey by moving slightly, stimulating the preys C shape. This is when the predator uses its L shape to catch the prey in a perfect position. Not where the prey is where it will be.
29
Tympanic membrane is otherwise known as the
eardrum (First structure present after the auditory canal)
30
Auditory Ossicles
Malleus, incus, stapes. Right next to the ear drum. Transduce the sound to hearing device in inner ear. Evolved from the articular and quadrate in fish jaws. Increase energy transferred to the oval window from the ear drum.
31
Semicircular canals
the loops above the cochlea (cochlea has spiral shape). contains ampullae which allow for spacial orientation
32
Where are utricle maculae and saccule maculae located and what are they?
Pars inferior. They are beds of hair cells
33
Utricle
detects linear acceleration. found in the upper maculae
34
Saccule
detects gravity. found in the lower maculae
35
Lagena
Part of the cochlea responsable for hearing
36
Pinna
Collects sound. Outer cartilage part of the ear
37
Another word for the pars superior is the
upper labyrinth
38
Ampullae are similar to
neuromasts
39
Another word for the pars inferior is the...
lower labyrinth
40
The cochlea hears
sound wave amplitude and pitch
41
Early mammals only had which auditory ossicle?
Stapes
42
The malleus (hammer) evolved from
articular (lower jaw joint)
43
The incus (anvil) evolved from
quadrate (upper jaw joint)
44
Stapes is called the ... in reptiles
columella
45
The stapes (stirrup) evolved from
hyomandibula (2nd pharyngeal arch in the hyoid arch)
46
Owls use what to capture and reflect sounds to the ears?
Facial disks
47
Interaural timing difference (ITD)
The concept that we can pinpoint the location of a sound because it hits that eardrum before the other
48
Our ... helps us triangulate sound along the horizontal plane (left or right)
bilateral symmetry
49
True or False: Owls have symmetrical ears
False they have asymmetrical ears to help them find things vertically. Above or below them.
50
Ruff
reflects incoming sound waves to the ear drum in owls
51
Gnathostomes
Jawed vertebrates. Have 3 semicircular canals in each inner ear
52
Hagfishes have
1 semicircular canal and 2 ampullae (or crests) one on each side
53
Lampreys have
2 semicircular canals each containing one crista
54
Each canal is arranged
orthogonally (at right angles from one another) for sensing 3-D spatial equilibrium and motion
55
Endolymph
The fluid that fills the canals.
56
The base of each semicircular canal has a swelling called an
ampulla
57
The bottom of each ampullae has an ampullary ridge or crest called a
crista
58
How many spacial axes do the semicircular canals have?
3
59
X axes
Roll. The longitudinal axes
60
Y axes
Pitch. The lateral axis. Nose up or down.
61
Z axes
Yaw. The vertical axes. Spin left or right
62
Vertigo
Dizziness caused from pathologies of the SC's ampullae, or the maculae
63
Macula (Otolith organs)
A bed of hair cells underlying ear stones called otoliths (or otoconia). The sliding of the stones moves hairs.
64
Invertebrate ... are like our ...
statocysts, maculas
65
Otoliths
objects that the hair cells feel moving about the chamber in the maculae. Lie on top of the jelly and shift around, vibrating the gel and bending/disturbing the cilia.
66
Otoliths are made of...
calcium carbonate
67
Statoconia
Shark otiliths
68
Statoliths
Crustacean and mollusk otiliths. Shake inside of statocysts
69
True or false: Scientists can tell the age of fish by counting rings on their otoliths
True
70
Cyclosomes
A worm like animal with a single common macula in each labyrinth that detect spatial position
71
A ... jaw joint freed the ...
dentary-squamosal, articular and quadrate
72
Our 3 ear bones are homologous to
fish's jaw joint. Specifically the hyomandibula, quadrate, and articular
73
Osteichthyes
Bony fishes. Their lower jaw consists of three interlocking bones. the dentary, angular, and articular
74
The jaw JOINT of Osteichthyes is formed from the
articular and quadrate
75
Malleus is evolutionarily homologous to the
articular jaw bone of the fish
76
Incus is evolutionarily homologous to the
quadrate jaw bone of the fish
77
Stapes is evolutionarily homologous to the
stapes jaw bone of the fish
78
In humans, the dentary bone of fish is called the
mandible
79
Oval window
Right after ossicles, right before cochlea
80
The cochlea is filled with ... like how semicircular canals are filled with ...
perilymph, endolymph
81
Sound causes the ... to resonate and shear to distinguish pitch
basilar membrane
82
Air waves from noise causes fluid to vibrate sending an electrical impulse to the
auditory cortex
83
Inside the cochlea contains the
organ of corti
84
The organ of corti is surrounded by the ... at the top and the ... at the bottom
upper vestibular duct, lower basilar duct
85
Instead of otoconia, the cilia of the hair cells in the organ of Corti are attached to the ...
tectorial membrane
86
Proximal (base) is
stiff
87
Distal (tip) is
flexible
88
The base detects
higher pitches
89
The tip detects
lower pitches
90
Vestibule
A cavity in the middle of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear
91
Round window
End of the cochlea
92
Place coding
regionalized mapping of auditory stimulus in the brain
93
Matched vocalizations
An animal can usually produce a sound as loud as it can hear
94
Infrasonic
A sound lower than what a human can hear
95
Ultrasonic
A sound higher than what a human can hear
96
Hertz
Wave cycles per second
97
True or False: Non-mammalian vertebrates can usually hear better than vertebrates
False. Non mammalian vertebrates usually hear very poorly
98
Flies and bees detect sound vibrations through
ciliated cells at the best of their antennae
99
Crickets and katydids hear via ... on their ...
tympanas, tibias
100
Acoustic trachea
Modified breathing tubes that carry sound from inside
101
Diptera and Hymenoptera have ears where?
At the base or pedicel of their antenaee
102
Johnsons Organ
Within the pedicel segment. A cluster of 200 mechanosensory cells called scolopale cells resembling vertebrate hair cells
103
Scolopale cells
Have long actin bundles that surround ciliated neurons. They are bound in a cap that touches the distal-adjacent segment of the antennae.
104
True or False: hearing evolved multiple times independently in different groups
True
105
Grasshoppers and cicadas have tympana on various parts of their
thorax
106
Tympana is analogous to our
ear drum because it vibrates in response to pressure waves
107
Instead of the auditory ossicles in crickets the transfer of energy from the air to fluid by way of the tympanum through a series of bony "levers" called the
tympanal plate
108
The tympanal plate jiggles a lipid filled channel called an ... which is similar to how in vertebrates our stapes vibrates the ....
acoustic vesicle, oval window
109
Crista acoustica
the mechanosensory strip within the fluid filled acoustic vesicle
110
Insects breathe air through openings in their exoskeleton called
spiracles
111
Spiracles
Allow gases to pass through an elaborate ductwork called a tracheal system
112
Weta (large cricket) tracheal system
Trachea tubules that pass through the front legs of the weta. Besides gas passing through them for breathing, they can also carry sound waves to the tympana
113
In echolocation, loud rapid chirps increase or decrease homing accuracy and offset attenuation of sound
Increase
114
To prevent ear damage in humans, the ... and the ... contract to decrease the vibrations of the ossicles
tensor tympani, stapedius
115
What is one animal that can confuse bats with their own echolocation (evolutionary arms race)
Moths
116
Do sounds travel faster in water or air?
water
117
Toothed whales (Odontoceti)
These whales evolved echolocation independently
118
In whales, air is inhaled through the ... and stored in the ...
blowhole, dorsal air sacs
119
After the dorsal air sac, the air then passes through the ...
phonic lips (monkey lips) in the nasal canal (spiracular cavity) which vibrate and rub against each other generating clicks.
120
After the nasal canal the sound vibrations project forward resonating in a
fatty melon
121
Fatty melon
contorts sound. acts as an acoustic mirror.
122
Reflected sound waves bounce back to the whale and are received in the
lower jaw (mandible) and a fat filled chamber (bursa) that lies between the bones.
123
After the sound hits the acoustic window (fatty filled chamber area)
vibrations then enter the middle and inner ear stimulating hair cells in the cochlea
124
Gas bladder (swim bladder)
Has thin membrane impermeable to gases. Buoyancy regulation but also underwater hearing aid.
125
In Ostariophysans, the inner ear is connected to the swim bladder via a series of bones called the
Weberian ossicles
126
Weberian ossicles
Claustrum, scaphium, intercalarium, tripus (from top to bottom)
127
Otocephala
All groups with lipid or bony connection
128
Ostariophysi
Subset of the octocephala with the weberian ossicles
129
Clupeomorpha
Subset of the octocephala with a lipid tube connecting the swim bladder and the ear
130
Sonic muscles
drive sound production for animal communication.
131
Cicada
They slide plates in an exoskeletal patch called the tymbal. Males call the attract females
132
Toadfish
Sonic muscles envelop the bilateral swim bladder like a muscle wrapped balloon. Vibration of the swim bladder sends out territorial or courtship grunts underwater.
133
Hair cells are delicate channels whos ... are pulled open when apical hairs bend due to sound waves propagating through a fluid
MET channels

Pnb exam 2 (8 decks)

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