Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pnb exam 2 > Nerve Systems (Brain Evolution and Functions) > Flashcards

Nerve Systems (Brain Evolution and Functions) Flashcards

1
Q

Bottle Nose Dolphin

A

Extremely intelligent and complex brains. Has a lot of gyris (ridges) and sulcis (valleys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Long-finned pilot whales

A

have the highest gyrification & most neocortical neurons among all animal brains (we still have more synaptic connections tho)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cnidarians have … symmetry and a nerve … of bidirectional signal transmission

A

radial, net

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All other animal groups besides cnidarians have … and unidirectional … except for the …

A

cephalization, nerve cords, echinoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Planarians have bilateral brain otherwise known as … as well as two … all connected by …

A

cephalic ganglia, lateral nerve chords, commissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Annelids have a … in each segment of their body

A

nerve ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Arthropods have a brain as well as a …

A

thoracic ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gastropod and bivalve mollusks have … ganglia posterior to their … ganglia

A

nerve, cephalic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cephalopod mollusks

A

have posterior paired stellate ganglia at the base of their stellate axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chordates have a brain and dorsal …

A

nerve chord (spinal chord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Invertebrates have solid, … which are … the gut tube

A

ventral nerve chords, below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vertebrates have hollow, … which are … the gut tube

A

dorsal nerve chords, above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vertebrate spinal chords have … in them and contain ….

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CFS), nerve cell bodies. Numerous segmental ganglia (neuron clusters) may be present along the chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inversion Hypothesis

A

developmental blueprint for which pore was to become the mouth versus the anus got reversed, and hence the first deuterostome was born, backwards from the protostome body plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

During embryonic development, the neural tube splits into 3 primary brain vesicles which are

A

Fore, mid, and hind brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which two primary brain vesicles split into secondary regions?

A

Fore and hind brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many fundamental regions of the vertebrate brain?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

… and …. have the largest forebrains

A

Mammals and birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Birds have a large forebrain but it is

A

smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mammals have a large forebrain with a … cerebrum

A

complicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Amphibians and reptiles have … midbrains while birds have … midbrains

A

dorsal, ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Amphibians have … cerebellums

A

tiny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

telencephalon

A

houses the olfactory lobes and the cerebrum. think top. Smell, info, processing, movement, emotions, memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, pituitary, and pineal glands of the endocrine system. think core. Sensory integration; endocrine homeostasis; circadian rhythms​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Optic lobes (tectum) for processing vision. Routing and reflexes of sight, sound, and touch. think right next to core (diencephalon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Metencephalon

A

Has cerebellum and pons. Balance, posture, and locomotor communication. Think end. Without the cerebellum we wouldnt be be able to map out our location and sensory integration for electroreceptive species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla oblongata. Breathing, respiratory drive, and heart rate. Think bottom BRAIN STEM. Processing of the autonomic nervous system and fast start reflexes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What two parts of the brain make up the hindbrain?

A

Pons and Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The pons regulates the …

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The hindbrain controls the

A

respiratory drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The medulla has a … and … respiratory group

A

dorsal, ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Dorsal respiratory group

A

stimulates inspiration by contracting the diaphragm as well as the external intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group

A

stimulates expiration by contracting accessory breathing muscles (internal intercostal muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

elevate the rib cage (up and out). deep inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

telencephalon (cerebrum)

A

houses the olfactory lobes and the cerebrum. think top. Smell, info, processing, movement, emotions, memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In mammals the mesencephalon is called the

A

superior colliculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ventricular system

A

Cushions the brain and filled with cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Gyrification

A

Increases surface area to volume ratio of the brain whose space is constrained by the neurocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Brain size positively correlates with … across the vertebrates

A

body size

40
Q

Cetaceans have huge … which help them with …

A

cerebra, echolocation

41
Q

Mammalian brain to body mass is a … positive correlation

A

allometric

42
Q

Encephalization Quotient (EQ)

A

A standardized ratio of observed: expected brain mass relative to an animal’s body mass
E OBSERVED/ E EXPECTED

43
Q

What is E in Encephalization Quotient

A

brain mass (g) / body mass (g)

44
Q

Bilateral Limbic System

A

First evolved in mammals and is dubbed the emotional brain. Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala olfactory bulb

45
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory Input filtering (reacting to pain)

46
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

Lies over corpus callosum arched over thalamus. Involved in emotions learning and memory. Front called anterior cingulate cortex.

47
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Bottom lobe

48
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Top lobe

49
Q

neocortex

A

exclusive to mammals and consists of 6 layers of cortical neurons

50
Q

Gyrus

A

Ridge (outfold)

51
Q

Sulcus

A

Valley (infold)

52
Q

Prefrontal cortex (PFC)

A

executive thoughts FRONTAL LOBE

53
Q

Premotor and primary motor cortex

A

Voluntary movements. One over from the prefrontal cortex. FRONTAL LOBE

54
Q

Somatosensory and sensory association areas

A

Feeling. One over from premotor and primary motor cortex. PARIETAL LOBE

55
Q

Visual association and visual cortex

A

Visual processing. OCCIPITAL LOBE

56
Q

Limbic Association

A

Emotional tag. TEMPORAL LOBE

57
Q

Auditory cortex

A

hearing and sound memory storage. TEMPORAL LOBE

58
Q

Brocas Area

A

Speech. FRONTAL LOBE. Left hemisphere. Damage to this area called nonfluent aphasia.

59
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Dominate in left hemisphere in most people. Temporal lobe. Language processing and comprehension. Damage to this area called fluent aphasia.

60
Q

Grey matter

A

Neuronal bodies (Cell bodies and dendrites). Exterior

61
Q

White matter

A

interior. Myelinated axons

62
Q

Which parts of the brain are in grey matter?

A

Basal nuclei, amygdala, epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

63
Q

Corpus callosum

A

connects left and right hemispheres of the brain.

64
Q

True or False: Only placental animals have corpus callosum.

A

True

65
Q

Marsupials have a … inside of a corpus callosum

A

anterior commisure

66
Q

The left cerebral hemisphere is better at

A

Language interpretation, Verbal memory, Speech, reading, mathematical analysis, recognizing numbers and letters, narrow focus, spotlight of attention, overconfidence, bullshitting

67
Q

The right hemisphere is better at

A

Music analysis, nonverbal memory recall, spatial rotation, direction, and distance perception. recognizing faces, emotions, patterns, social and emotional intelligence, humor, contexual understanding

68
Q

Most of the connections between the left and right hemispheres (corpus callosum) are …

A

inhibitory

69
Q

Axial Twist Hypothesis

A

Accounts for the split brain and opposite functions of both. An embryonic chordate was twisted at 90 degrees during development. This accounts for optic chiasm, spinal crossings, and body asymmetries

70
Q

bilateral sleep

A

both hemispheres are turned off during sleep

71
Q

unilateral sleep

A

happens in Cretaceans. Half of the brain is on half of the brain is off

72
Q

tail-kick reflex

A

initiates a quick surface breath if both sides of brain become unconscious

73
Q

In electroencephalograms … is seen as the wide squiggles and … is seen as the flat

A

sleep, being awake

74
Q

Pinnipeds (sea lions) also have unihemispheric sleep but not when theyre …

A

on land

75
Q

Birds lack a … and also engage in …

A

corpus collosum, unihemispheric sleep

76
Q

Some bird families are as intelligent as…

A

primates

77
Q

In brains, misfolded proteins can build up in the extracellular fluid disrupting synapses between neurons or interactions with glial cells ultimately leading to …, this is why … is important

A

neural degeneration, sleep

78
Q

Slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement are only found in … and …

A

birds and mammals

79
Q

Circulation of … through the ventricles is called … and is important for sleep

A

cerebrospinal fluid, glymphatic system

80
Q

Cetaceans have lost … state sleep

A

REM

81
Q

neuroendocrinology

A

nervous systems control the endocrine system

82
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

In the hypothalamus. Blue waves enter the retinal ganglia sending action potentials through the optic nerves. This signals the pineal gland.

83
Q

The pineal gland secretes … at night

A

melatonin

84
Q

Melatonin & hypothalamic nuclei drive endocrine changes in the

A

pineal gland

85
Q

circannual rhythm

A

a seasonal physiological plasticity

86
Q

High melatonin inhibits

A

prolactin secretion

87
Q

Another word for pineal gland is

A

epiphysis

88
Q

Another word for pituitary gland is

A

hypophysis

89
Q

Another word for anterior pituitary is

A

adenohypophysis

90
Q

Another word for posterior pituitary is

A

neurohypophysis

91
Q

When melatonin levels build up, … secretion are inhibited causing bleaching of … for camouflage during the winter

A

prolactin, fur

92
Q

In invertebrates, the rhabdomeric receptor cells stimulate the photosensitive … in the optic lobes that relay the signal to various … and … neurons of the …

A

retinal ganglia, lateral, dorsal, circadiun pacemaker

93
Q

Flies and other insects also have photosensitive … that inform the circadian clock

A

ocelli

94
Q

The … has a superior position in rodents. In other mammals the large cerebrum covers it up.

A

pineal gland

95
Q

Nocturnal animals are awake when producing … melatonin

A

peak

Pnb exam 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions