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Pnb exam 2 > Animal Sensory Systems P.3 > Flashcards

Animal Sensory Systems P.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Planarians have … eyes that are a bean shaped layer of … innervated by …

A

cup (ocelli) , photosensitive pigment cells, five photoreceptive neurons

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2
Q

Bivalves have … in the frills of their … Some even have …

A

eye spots, mantles, compound eyes

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3
Q

… have the most advanced camera eyes with or without lens and cornea

A

cephalopods

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4
Q

Some clams and arthropods have … eyes

A

compound

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5
Q

Spiders have camera eyes that lack a …

A

lense

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6
Q

Humans have…

A

camera eyes

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7
Q

Channel rodopsins

A

Found in flagellated unicellular protists

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8
Q

Protists benefited from having their … which could light activate their flagellum to stroke faster

A

poster eyespot

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9
Q

More multicellular animals have photoreceptor cell specialization mainly…

A

sensitive rods and color discerning cones

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10
Q

Rods

A

Sensitive to dimmer light conditions than are cones, cones are color specific

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11
Q

Vertebrates have ciliary type photoreceptors that have modified cilia in the outer segment to form

A

disks

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12
Q

The disks in the photoreceptors of the vertebrae eye contain … otherwise known as … that molecularly change when struck by a …

A

photopigments (contain retinal), chromatophores, photon

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13
Q

rhabdomeric

A

another type of photoreceptor cell found in other animals

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14
Q

retinal

A

isomerizes from an 11-cis to a trans-conformation when it absorbs the energy from a photon. Made from a vitamin A precursor and obtained in the diet.

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15
Q

How does retinal go back to its original form? (cis)

A

Requires an isomerase enzyme and chemical energy from ATP

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16
Q

Trans retinal activates the … protein and also detaches it, which prevents … from activating again

A

opsin, GPCR

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17
Q

Bleaching

A

Detachment of trans retinal from opsin. Refractory period until a cis retinal reunites with the opsin.

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18
Q

Reverse isomerization (regeneration)

A

takes a small amount of time which can lead to optical illusion of the aftermath affect.

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19
Q

Cones are densely concentrated in the … of retina

A

fovea

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20
Q

True or False: frogs dont have cones

A

True

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21
Q

Neighboring rods and cones are connected through … which is called …, and increases

A

electrical synapses, cell-cell coupling, light sensitivity

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22
Q

Many interneurons of the … of the retina are also connected by electrical synapses

A

nuclear layers

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23
Q

Insects and nonmammalian vertebrates have photo receptors in their …

A

pineal gland (epiphysis) which respond to light and see the biological clock

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24
Q

In mammals, the pineal gland receives signals indirectly via the … stimulated by the …

A

thalamus, optic nerves

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25
Q

decrease in photons hitting the retina relays to the pineal gland, stimulating it to secrete

A

melatonin

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26
Q

Phototransduction

A

Conversion of light energy to electrical impulses

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27
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Merges with retinal when a photon hits it

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28
Q

Opsins

A

A class of GPCRs. A 7 membrane surface receptor that activates the cytosolic G-protein it associates with when retinal shifts

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29
Q

The conversion of retinal from cis- to trans- activates this …, causing the G protein to disengage and continue the signal cascade.​

A

GPCR

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30
Q

Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells (rPRC)

A

cells that look like a comb (microvilli). Handle of comb is axon.

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31
Q

In invertebrate photocytes (rPRC), photons strike the retinal in the GPCR activating an … which depolarizes the cell’s membrane potential

A

excitatory G protein (Gq)

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32
Q

In invertebrate photocytes (rPRC), after cell membrane is depolarized the Gq leaves the GPCR to activate … which hydrolyzes …

A

phospholipase C (amplifier enzyme increases sensitivity) , PIP2, IP3, diacyl glycerol

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33
Q

In invertebrate photocytes (rPRC) DAG activates … which open up… eventually …

A

cation channels, to let sodium and calcium into the cell, depolarizing it

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34
Q

IP3

A

Stimulates the release of stored calcium in the cell

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35
Q

Glutamate (amino acid) and acetylcholine

A

Two neurotransmitters secreted after exposure to light. Transduced into action potentials that go to the ganglion/ brain for interpretation

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36
Q

In invertebrate photocytes (rPRC) … binds to … to turn the signal off

A

arrestin, rhodopsin

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37
Q

In vertebrate photoreceptors the G protein … in an inhibitory protein which … the cells membrane potential

A

transducin, hyperbolizes

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38
Q

In vertebrate photoreceptors … begins to convert cyclic GMP to GMP in an amplified manner which inactivates sodium channels causing…

A

phosphodiesterase (PDE), hyperpolization

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39
Q

In vertebrate retinas, exposure to light makes the rod or cone cell secrete less … which inhibits …

A

neurotransmitters, action potentials

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40
Q

In vertebrates, when light hits the retina, graded signals called … to the inner nuclear layer of … and the outer nuclear layer of …

A

receptor potentials, bipolar neurons, ganglion cells

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41
Q

In vertebrates, several rods form … with the … of a single bipolar neuron

A

synaptic connections, dendrites

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42
Q

In vertebrates, cones are each individually connected to one

A

bipolar cell

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43
Q

No vertebrate has … receptors

A

rhabdomeric

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44
Q

… and … cells modulate the synapses of the PRCs and can even reverse polarity of incoming signal

A

horizontal, amacrine

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45
Q

Besides most vertebrates, camera eyes independently evolved in…

A

cephalopods, gastropods, jellies, annelids, at least one copepod curstacean

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46
Q

Arachnids also have camera eyes but theyre … and use a … shaped …. to focus the light onto the photosensors

A

non-adjustable, dome-shaped, cornea

47
Q

Ocelli

A

Little insect eyes on the top of their head that serve as a light meter by which they can entrain their circadian clock

48
Q

Compound eyes

A

clusters of individual light-sensitive tubes that each have a lens. come in various subcategories, depending on the placement or position of the photoreceptors & the refraction caused by having a smooth versus a rough surface.​ Insect, crustaceans, some mollusks and annelids

49
Q

Apposition compound eyes

A

found in most land arthropods.

50
Q

Superposition compound eyes

A

have a gap between lenses and retina. allows more photons to scatter over a great photoreceptor surface. suited for dark environments

51
Q

Refracting (rough surface) cornea

A

works well in dim light. nocturnal insects, shrimp

52
Q

Reflecting (smooth surface) cornea

A

Decapod shrimps, lobsters

53
Q

Parabolic

A

Mayflies

54
Q

Superposition compound eyes

A

have a gap between lenses and retina. allows more photons to scatter over a great photoreceptor surface. suited for dark environments, moths

55
Q

The insect compound eye consists of hundreds of

A

ommatidia. Each with a convex eye, cornea, crystalline cone, and ring of long, retinular cells surrounding a tube in which light passes from the conical lens

56
Q

Retinular cells

A

microvilli extends from these cells, called rhabdomere. They increase the surface area for the opsin proteins that detect light that descends down the tube

57
Q

Rhabdomere

A

scaffolds of actin support the developing microvilli. the microvilli face the light. The microvilli face the light aligning along the optical axis.

58
Q

Compound eyes also have …, which means they can focus on an object very near to it. ​

A

macro focus

59
Q

Limpets

A

A mollusk. Have a flat epithelium of photosensitive cells attached to nerve endings

60
Q

Abalone

A

A mollusk. Have eye cups which improve photoreception by sharpening the objects image. The light reflecting off of the object can be perceived from different angles when the light-sensitive cells are arranged in a curve.​ Analogous to planarian eye

61
Q

Nautilus

A

A mollusk. Has a deeper cup containing more cells that is filled with a thick fluid. It sharpens the image even more

62
Q

Gastropod (marine snails)

A

A mollusk. have a cornea and a simple lens

63
Q

Squid and octopus (mollusks) have a thick … and controllable …

A

cornea, lens

64
Q

Hagfish

A

eyes lack a lens. the retinal cup lies behind a translucent patch of skin. they may regress even further if they continue to dwell in the Midnight Zone

65
Q

Lamprey

A

Have a simple lense behind transparent skin with a more developed retina. They lack a true cornea and ciliary muscles meaning they cannot focus the image by deforming the lens

66
Q

Do difference in the retina between cephalopods and vertebrates is that

A

vertebrates have a reversed retina posing many flaws

67
Q

Cephalopod eye and retina.

A

Have a single layer of photoreceptors + supporting cells. Lens shape is more circular for focusing light in water. Has a different refractive index than air. Signals are sent to a fat bulge called the optic ganglion.

68
Q

Vertebrate eye and retina

A

vertebrates have completely backwards wiring with photoreceptors away from the light and buried under two layers of neurons and supporting glial cells and blood vessels. The blood vessels need to punch through the retina to reach the brain creating the optic disk (blind spot)

69
Q

Interneurons of the retina include, …, …., and …

A

bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine cells

70
Q

Bipolar cells

A

pre process light information to retinal ganglia

71
Q

Horizontal cells

A

integrate. lateral inhibit signal helps find center of strongest light stimulus

72
Q

Amacrine cells

A

inhibit signals recieved by the ganglion cells

73
Q

Eyeshine from the … is an iridescent membrane behind the … in many vertebrates in a lining called the …

A

tapetum lucidum, retina pigment epithelium (RPE), choroid

74
Q

The tapetum lucidum is a … and is not present in any primates except for the …

A

retroreflector, lemur

75
Q

How does a camera eye focus on an image?

A
  1. incoming light is refracted by the lens ( made of crystalline proteins) bent to a focal point on the retina
  2. When the object can be squarely viewed, it hits the macula region which contains sharpest resolution
  3. In macula a hollow called the fovea (containing cone receptors)
76
Q

The lense is held in place by

A

suspensory ligaments

77
Q

Seeing distant objects

A

relaxing the ciliary muscles dilates lense, flattening it. This reduces refraction.

78
Q

Seeing closer objects

A

Light needs to be refracted more. Contracting the ciliary body shortens circular muscles which removes the tug of suspensory ligaments allowing the lens to return to default convex shape.

79
Q

Focal accommodation is automated as a reflex controlled by

A

the optic and oculomotor cranial nerves

80
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness is increasing in prevalence.

81
Q

Hemifield

A

the visual field of one eye

82
Q

binocular zone

A

the overlap in visual field

83
Q

Stereopsis

A

when information is processed by each eye from a slightly different perspective.

84
Q

The retina of each eye can be divided into a … and … side

A

nasal (inside) , temporal (outside)

85
Q

Optic chiasm

A

The X that forms from nerve axons bundled in the optic nerve

86
Q

From the X, optic tracts continue to the … and then back to the brains …

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), occipital lobe

87
Q

Contralateral nasal retinas

A

They innervate the LGN of opposite hemisphere

88
Q

Ipsilateral temporal retinas

A

Only project in the same hemisphere

89
Q

The dual processing of the object by multiple regions of the visual cortex enhances

A

depth perception

90
Q

Visual feedback

A

improved motor function due to being able to see your limbs

91
Q

Nasal retinas are larger in

A

prey

92
Q

Predators (cheetah) have forward-facing eyes that increase

A

Binocular vision and depth perception

93
Q

Prey (gazelle) have laterally-placed eyes that have

A

Wider range of vision

94
Q

Gain of stereopsis leads to decrease in

A

lateral vision

95
Q

Trichromatic

A

3 major cones express one of the following opsins. Some reptiles fish and birds are this but a lot of them are tetrachromatic etc. . Old World Primates including humans are this.

96
Q

Dichromatic

A

Most other mammals are this due to the loss of a functional copy of the LWS opsin (Red)

97
Q

Monochromatic

A

Nocturnal animals. Lost MWS and LWS (red and green) (paralogs on the X chromosome for gene duplication)

98
Q

Relaxed selection

A

When a selective pressure is taken away

99
Q

Simiiformes

A

Old World, and New World Monkeys

100
Q

Cercopithecoidea

A

Old World Monkeys

101
Q

New World primates are largely

A

dichromatic

102
Q

The mantled howler monkey was dichromatic but a … allowed it to eventually evolve into trichromacy because of the disadvantage of not being able to see red

A

tandem gene duplication

103
Q

The entire exoskeleton of …. fluoresce blue/green when absorbing UV wavelengths

A

scorpians

104
Q

Whole-body UV Photon Collector Hypothesis

A

UV excitation to blue-green light can be seen and felt by the scorpian in their eyes.

105
Q

Chelicerata

A

a subphylum of arthropods that also includes horseshoe crabs and spiders

106
Q

plesiomorphic trait

A

phenotypic trait that arose in the ancestral species in a clade

107
Q

Coumarin

A

a poison that scorpions can eat that they can digest and break it down into UV-fluorescent compounds deposited in the exoskeleton

108
Q

Which animal has the most advanced eyes?

A

mantis shrimp (stomatopods) (hexnocular vision)

109
Q

Crabs, lobsters, and shrimp have…

A

compound eyes split into 3 parts. Top is dorsal, middle is midband (color is perceived) and last is ventral each of which have a black median stripe

110
Q

In animals that can see polarized light, the light enters … perpendicular to the … of the ….

A

ommatidia, microvillie, rhabdomere

111
Q

Depending on the orientation of the rhabdomeric photoreceptor, it could be excited and

A

depolarize action potentials

112
Q

an offset UV receptor filters the incoming light so that only a … or … wave can pass through to the photoreceptors

A

horizontal oriented, vertically oriented

113
Q

Monoplat, dipolat, tripolat

A

organism equipped with a one two or three-dimensional polarization system

Pnb exam 2 (8 decks)

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