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Pnb exam 2 > Animal Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Animal Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Chemoreception

A

Divided into olfaction and gustation. The detection of chemical cues like a fish using its face barbels to detect dissolved solutes. A chemical ligand triggers a receptor, causing signal transduction

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2
Q

Gustation

A

Tasting. There are higher concentrations of stimulant detected at close range.

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3
Q

Olfaction

A

Smelling. There are lower concentrations of stimulant detected at farther range

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4
Q

Thermoreception

A

detection of infrared heat energy (radiation)

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5
Q

TRP channels

A

Temperature-sensitive ion channels

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6
Q

Electroreception

A

Detection of changes in electric fields which can be generated locally by the electrosensitive animal

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7
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Large blackhead looking pores acting as electroreceptors

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8
Q

Sensory modalities

A

Chemoreception, mechanoreception, photoreception etc.

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9
Q

Mechanoreception

A

Stretch waves include hearing (hair cells bend to the pressure of incoming sound waves)

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10
Q

Photoreception

A

A photon strikes a receptor which induces an ion channel to open

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11
Q

Odorants enter nasal cavity and adhere to mucosa in the …

A

olfactory epithelium

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12
Q

Bipolar sensory neurons produced from the odorants in the olfactory epithelium travel through the brain case and to the …

A

olfactory bulb

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13
Q

True or False: Smell is strongly linked to memory

A

True

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14
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Located in the nasal cavity and contains supporting cells and olfactory receptors

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15
Q

Bipolar olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)

A

Their cell body is in the middle of the cell but they still transmit action potentials one-way to the olfactory bulb.

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16
Q

Odorants

A

Bind to receptors on the dendrites of the olfactory receptor cells causing an action potential to pass through the braincase and into the olfactory bulb

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17
Q

After action potentials reach the olfactory bulb, the signal is then transmitted to …

A

interneurons

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18
Q

Another name for the braincase is the …

A

cribriform plate

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19
Q

Mucosa in the olfactory epithelium allows the odorants to

A

easily bind to the olfactory receptors allowing the odorants to bind to dendrite projections of the olfactory receptor neurons.

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20
Q

Odorant binding proteins

A

assist the odorants with dissolving into the mucous layer

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21
Q

When the odorants bind to the receptors, do the receptors polarize or depolarize?

A

depolarize

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22
Q

Oronasal olfaction

A

Inhaling through the nose

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23
Q

Retronasal olfaction

A

Inhaling through the mouth curving up to the nasal sinus. Explains why plugging your nose or being congested blocks taste

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24
Q

How do dendrite extensions into mucous layer of the olfactory epithelium fire in vertebrates?

A

They respond to G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activity from the odorants.

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25
Q

GCPR stimulates … which converts …. to ….

A

adenylate cyclase, ATP, cAMP

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26
Q

cAMP (secondary messenger) opens

A

cAMP gated sodium and calcium ion channels, which depolarize the cell sending action potentials to the olfactory cortex

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27
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

consists of the piriform cortex and amygdala

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28
Q

True or False: The surface area of the olfactory epithelium is much greater in humans and cetaceans.

A

False its much smaller

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29
Q

In fish, water enters their … and travel to the …

A

nares, olfactory rosette

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30
Q

Nares are not used for

A

breathing

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31
Q

Olfactory rosette

A

Where fishes increase the surface area of their olfactory epithelium

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32
Q

Y-maze

A

Where scientists can evaluate chemotaxis behaviors in a variety of animals

33
Q

Pheromone plumes

A

Released by abdominal gland.

34
Q

The … receives the chemical cue from the pheromone plumes

A

antennae

35
Q

True or false: Either sex can be pheromone detectors or emitters

A

True

36
Q

Pheromone

A

Chemoattractant released by one individual to another in the same population/species

37
Q

Silk moth females

A

release pheromone bombykol when they are ready to mate

38
Q

Sensilla

A

The comb like projections from the antennae which extend from the cuticle and house the dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons. The chemicals dissolve in its lymph

39
Q

Positive chemotaxis

A

Movement towards a chemical cue. Happens due to bilateral sensory organs

40
Q

Coremata

A

Branched structures from male moths’ abdomen that emit pheromone signals to attract receptive females who are ovulating

41
Q

volatile organic compound

A

evaporates or reacts with the atmosphere in the presence of light

42
Q

Vomeronasal Organ (VNO) (Jacobson’s organ)

A

Vertebrate hormone sensor. Detects pheromones. Recognition/scent marking

43
Q

The snakes tongue carries chemicals to the opening of the VNO when it

A

retracts back into the mouth

44
Q

The reptilian VNO is connected to the

A

palate

45
Q

In humans the nasopalatine duct is sealed over by the

A

gums (incisive papilla). And even if they didnt VNO olfactory neurons are not functional

46
Q

patent nasopalatine ducts

A

Either unilateral or bilateral. This atavism reveals the evolutionary presence of the opening in our ancestors.

47
Q

Is the VNO still present in our nasal cavity?

A

Yes but its nonfunctional except for a little endocrine system activity

48
Q

Flehmen

A

Boosts nonvolatile hormone detection. Upper lip is perked up

49
Q

two species that don’t smell

A

Cetaceans and birds

50
Q

… on the tongue and their … bear …

A

Papillae, pits, taste receptor cells

51
Q

Japanese Sea Catfish

A

Can sense carbonic acid with barbels

52
Q

Sensilla have what kind of neurons

A

gustatory receptor neurons (GRN)

53
Q

Sensilla are … because they have both mechano and chemoreceptors

A

polymodal

54
Q

Chemosensors in invertebrates

A

Dendrites bear the receptors and the electric signal is passed to interneurons and ganglia

55
Q

For sweet, salty, and sour food reception

A

there is depolarization and NTM release

56
Q

In sour receptions H+ blocks the … channel

A

pottasium

57
Q

For salty and sour food reception there is

A

opening of VG calcium channels

58
Q

For sweet and bitter (and also umami) there is

A

GPCR activation

59
Q

In sweet receptors

A

the substance binds to a GPCR which binds to adenylate cyclase which produces cAMP. This inhibits the potassium channel.

60
Q

True or False: TRCs have myelinated axons

A

False

61
Q

True or False: TRCs have afferent sensory neurons but have derived from the epithelium

A

True

62
Q

Why do we have different flavor preferences?

A

Different populations of GPCR heterodimers in our taste receptor cells

63
Q

Epithelial Sodium (Natrium) Channel (ENaC).

A

directly facilitates influx of sodium from the table salt we consume

64
Q

PKD2L1

A

Calcium regulated nonselective ion channel

65
Q

Transient Receptor Potential

A

Channels line membrane of pit organs. Open when warm. Also in pain reception (nociception)

66
Q

Pit viper pit organs express ….

A

TRPA1 which senses heat

67
Q

Infared radiation

A

Eminates from prey. Opens the TRPA1

68
Q

Loreal pits are innverated by the

A

trigeminal nerve rooted in the brainstem

69
Q

Signals are sent to the … and the cortex which suggests IR radiation is similar to seeing

A

Optic tectum

70
Q

TRPA1 evolved as a … of TRPA1-C which was a pain receptor

A

splice variant

71
Q

Nociception

A

Sense of harm or pain

72
Q

Proprioception

A

Sense of awareness of the position of ones body parts in space

73
Q

In bats, the heat sensitive ion channels are present in the

A

3 infolded leaf pits surrounding the nostils

74
Q

Desmoteplase

A

An anticoagulant in bat saliva making it so blood keeps flowing and the wound remains open

75
Q

Cartilaginous fishes detect electroreception through their

A

ampullae of lorenzini (polymodal)

76
Q

Keratin sulfate

A

Has the highest conductivity of any known biological material. Present in the jelly of ampullae of lorenzini

77
Q

Elephant nose fish

A

Generate electricity in the caudal peduncle (tail) which creates an electric field around the fishes whole body. They can see through electrolocation. They have a huge cerebellum and cerebrum

78
Q

Jamming Avoidance Response

A

When elephantnose fish for example avoid interference by modulating their frequency up or down a hertz.

Pnb exam 2 (8 decks)

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