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Pnb exam 2 > Animal Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Animal Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Chemoreception

A

Divided into olfaction and gustation. The detection of chemical cues like a fish using its face barbels to detect dissolved solutes. A chemical ligand triggers a receptor, causing signal transduction

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2
Q

Gustation

A

Tasting. There are higher concentrations of stimulant detected at close range.

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3
Q

Olfaction

A

Smelling. There are lower concentrations of stimulant detected at farther range

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4
Q

Thermoreception

A

detection of infrared heat energy (radiation)

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5
Q

TRP channels

A

Temperature-sensitive ion channels

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6
Q

Electroreception

A

Detection of changes in electric fields which can be generated locally by the electrosensitive animal

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7
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Large blackhead looking pores acting as electroreceptors

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8
Q

Sensory modalities

A

Chemoreception, mechanoreception, photoreception etc.

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9
Q

Mechanoreception

A

Stretch waves include hearing (hair cells bend to the pressure of incoming sound waves)

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10
Q

Photoreception

A

A photon strikes a receptor which induces an ion channel to open

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11
Q

Odorants enter nasal cavity and adhere to mucosa in the …

A

olfactory epithelium

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12
Q

Bipolar sensory neurons produced from the odorants in the olfactory epithelium travel through the brain case and to the …

A

olfactory bulb

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13
Q

True or False: Smell is strongly linked to memory

A

True

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14
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Located in the nasal cavity and contains supporting cells and olfactory receptors

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15
Q

Bipolar olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)

A

Their cell body is in the middle of the cell but they still transmit action potentials one-way to the olfactory bulb.

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16
Q

Odorants

A

Bind to receptors on the dendrites of the olfactory receptor cells causing an action potential to pass through the braincase and into the olfactory bulb

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17
Q

After action potentials reach the olfactory bulb, the signal is then transmitted to …

A

interneurons

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18
Q

Another name for the braincase is the …

A

cribriform plate

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19
Q

Mucosa in the olfactory epithelium allows the odorants to

A

easily bind to the olfactory receptors allowing the odorants to bind to dendrite projections of the olfactory receptor neurons.

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20
Q

Odorant binding proteins

A

assist the odorants with dissolving into the mucous layer

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21
Q

When the odorants bind to the receptors, do the receptors polarize or depolarize?

A

depolarize

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22
Q

Oronasal olfaction

A

Inhaling through the nose

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23
Q

Retronasal olfaction

A

Inhaling through the mouth curving up to the nasal sinus. Explains why plugging your nose or being congested blocks taste

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24
Q

How do dendrite extensions into mucous layer of the olfactory epithelium fire in vertebrates?

A

They respond to G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activity from the odorants.

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25
GCPR stimulates ... which converts .... to ....
adenylate cyclase, ATP, cAMP
26
cAMP (secondary messenger) opens
cAMP gated sodium and calcium ion channels, which depolarize the cell sending action potentials to the olfactory cortex
27
Olfactory cortex
consists of the piriform cortex and amygdala
28
True or False: The surface area of the olfactory epithelium is much greater in humans and cetaceans.
False its much smaller
29
In fish, water enters their ... and travel to the ...
nares, olfactory rosette
30
Nares are not used for
breathing
31
Olfactory rosette
Where fishes increase the surface area of their olfactory epithelium
32
Y-maze
Where scientists can evaluate chemotaxis behaviors in a variety of animals
33
Pheromone plumes
Released by abdominal gland.
34
The ... receives the chemical cue from the pheromone plumes
antennae
35
True or false: Either sex can be pheromone detectors or emitters
True
36
Pheromone
Chemoattractant released by one individual to another in the same population/species
37
Silk moth females
release pheromone bombykol when they are ready to mate
38
Sensilla
The comb like projections from the antennae which extend from the cuticle and house the dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons. The chemicals dissolve in its lymph
39
Positive chemotaxis
Movement towards a chemical cue. Happens due to bilateral sensory organs
40
Coremata
Branched structures from male moths' abdomen that emit pheromone signals to attract receptive females who are ovulating
41
volatile organic compound
evaporates or reacts with the atmosphere in the presence of light
42
Vomeronasal Organ (VNO) (Jacobson's organ)
Vertebrate hormone sensor. Detects pheromones. Recognition/scent marking
43
The snakes tongue carries chemicals to the opening of the VNO when it
retracts back into the mouth
44
The reptilian VNO is connected to the
palate
45
In humans the nasopalatine duct is sealed over by the
gums (incisive papilla). And even if they didnt VNO olfactory neurons are not functional
46
patent nasopalatine ducts
Either unilateral or bilateral. This atavism reveals the evolutionary presence of the opening in our ancestors.
47
Is the VNO still present in our nasal cavity?
Yes but its nonfunctional except for a little endocrine system activity
48
Flehmen
Boosts nonvolatile hormone detection. Upper lip is perked up
49
two species that don't smell
Cetaceans and birds
50
... on the tongue and their ... bear ...
Papillae, pits, taste receptor cells
51
Japanese Sea Catfish
Can sense carbonic acid with barbels
52
Sensilla have what kind of neurons
gustatory receptor neurons (GRN)
53
Sensilla are ... because they have both mechano and chemoreceptors
polymodal
54
Chemosensors in invertebrates
Dendrites bear the receptors and the electric signal is passed to interneurons and ganglia
55
For sweet, salty, and sour food reception
there is depolarization and NTM release
56
In sour receptions H+ blocks the ... channel
pottasium
57
For salty and sour food reception there is
opening of VG calcium channels
58
For sweet and bitter (and also umami) there is
GPCR activation
59
In sweet receptors
the substance binds to a GPCR which binds to adenylate cyclase which produces cAMP. This inhibits the potassium channel.
60
True or False: TRCs have myelinated axons
False
61
True or False: TRCs have afferent sensory neurons but have derived from the epithelium
True
62
Why do we have different flavor preferences?
Different populations of GPCR heterodimers in our taste receptor cells
63
Epithelial Sodium (Natrium) Channel (ENaC).
directly facilitates influx of sodium from the table salt we consume
64
PKD2L1
Calcium regulated nonselective ion channel
65
Transient Receptor Potential
Channels line membrane of pit organs. Open when warm. Also in pain reception (nociception)
66
Pit viper pit organs express ....
TRPA1 which senses heat
67
Infared radiation
Eminates from prey. Opens the TRPA1
68
Loreal pits are innverated by the
trigeminal nerve rooted in the brainstem
69
Signals are sent to the ... and the cortex which suggests IR radiation is similar to seeing
Optic tectum
70
TRPA1 evolved as a ... of TRPA1-C which was a pain receptor
splice variant
71
Nociception
Sense of harm or pain
72
Proprioception
Sense of awareness of the position of ones body parts in space
73
In bats, the heat sensitive ion channels are present in the
3 infolded leaf pits surrounding the nostils
74
Desmoteplase
An anticoagulant in bat saliva making it so blood keeps flowing and the wound remains open
75
Cartilaginous fishes detect electroreception through their
ampullae of lorenzini (polymodal)
76
Keratin sulfate
Has the highest conductivity of any known biological material. Present in the jelly of ampullae of lorenzini
77
Elephant nose fish
Generate electricity in the caudal peduncle (tail) which creates an electric field around the fishes whole body. They can see through electrolocation. They have a huge cerebellum and cerebrum
78
Jamming Avoidance Response
When elephantnose fish for example avoid interference by modulating their frequency up or down a hertz.

Pnb exam 2 (8 decks)

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