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Pnb exam 2 > Animal Sensory Systems P.4 > Flashcards

Animal Sensory Systems P.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Barreleye

A

mesopelagic fish that has recessed tubular eyes allowing it to look upward and forward at the same time. The eyes peer through a dome of transparent skin filled with fluid.

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2
Q

The barreleye has … using symbiotic …

A

counterillumination, bioluminescent bacteria

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3
Q

eye degeneration

A

caused by defects in regulatory gene expression during embryonic development

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4
Q

troglobite

A

cave specialist that lives in darkness

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5
Q

Blind White Crayfish

A

eyeless and albino. slow metabolism living in cold water and eating microbes

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6
Q

Texas Blind Salamander

A

Fully aquatic, eyeless, depigmented. Childlike

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7
Q

Mexican blind cavefish

A

surface and cave dwelling. Interestingly it still has negative phototaxis.

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8
Q

Optic tectum

A

Visual cortex in fishes

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9
Q

Cave and non cave fish can

A

hybridize

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10
Q

Vertical strata

A

The boundaries of the ocean

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11
Q

Near-shore habitats above continental shelves are called

A

neritic waters

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12
Q

Offshore, the oceanic province contains … and is made up of … fundamental vertical zones partitioned by levels of downwelling light

A

pelagic species, 4

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13
Q

Photic zone (Epipelagic)

A

0-200m. top layer of water. contains euphotic zone (first 100)

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14
Q

Twilight Zone (Mesopelagic)

A

200m-1km. Disphotic

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15
Q

Midnight Zone

A

aphotic (no light) Bathypelagic (1km-4km) and Abyssopelagic (4km-6km)

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16
Q

After midnight zone brings us to the

A

abyssal plan and then habal zone

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17
Q

True or False: Red wavelengths can travel to the twilight zone

A

False only yellow, green, and blue

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18
Q

Counterintuitively, … which is higher energy than blue light only passes through 40m of water

A

UVR

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19
Q

Irradiance

A

from the UVR is attenuated by scattering and absorption into dissolved organic matter and plankton

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20
Q

turbidity

A

the concentration of organic matter (both living and nonliving), which scatters or absorbs the energy.​

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21
Q

Diurnal

A

day-active

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22
Q

Red color comes from … crystals that form inside of skin pigment cells called …

A

guanine, iridophores

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23
Q

Guanine

A

G nucleotide. forms crystals with high reflectivity

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24
Q

Ganoine

A

Enamel-like mineral found in primitive bony fish ganoid scales

25
Q

Some squids turn red to help disguise themselves for deep sea creatures because

A

many have lost red cones

26
Q

Photonic glass

A

made of nanosphere crystals. the “eye glitter” cloaks the pigments making the eye appear the same color as the water

27
Q

Countershading

A

Dark top lighter bottom in sharks.

28
Q

Counterillumination

A

Does the same thing with countershading but uses flourescence

29
Q

Symbiotic bioluminescence

A

involves the colonization of the fish/squid by microbes

30
Q

Intrinsic bioluminescence

A

rare! the animal can make the light itself by producing luciferins that oxidatively react with the enzyme luciferase

31
Q

Hawaiin bobtail squid

A

evolved blue counterillumination to remain undetected in moonlit waters, greatly reducing predation risk

32
Q

Vibrio Fischeri

A

symbiotic bacteria that congregate inside crypts inside the organ of bobtail squid

33
Q

How do the bacteria get inside?​

A

These mutualistic bacteria (purple on infographic) are exclusively ushered into pouches in the larval squid’s mantle by an epithelium of beating cilia on the outgrowths near the opening of the light organ (blue on infographic)

34
Q

The mature light organ is partially sheathed in an … that prevents the light from shining in all directions, focusing the glow … The aperture is also …

A

opaque, downwards, adjustable

35
Q

Gram negative

A

What most bioluminescent bacteria are because they have lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin in their cell walls which help grow the light organ

36
Q

The vibrio also … in the light organ and a product of this degradation called … stimulates the bacteria to migrate deeper into the …

A

degrade mucousa, chitobiose, crypts

37
Q

When the bacteria get deeper into the organ they lose their … and induce … which …

A

flagellum, antimicrobial proteins to be secreted, prevent colonization by other bacteria

38
Q

Most bioluminescent bacteria are symbiotic with

A

marine fauna

39
Q

Luminescent bacteria are Gram-negative so the animal must suppress an

A

immune reaction to them

40
Q

Quorum sensing mode

A

triggered chemically when high bacterial densities expose the cells to higher concentrations of excreted autoinducers, flipping a switch that turns on the light

41
Q

Autoinducers

A

small, bioactive molecules synthesized by the bacteria, which begin to accumulate as cell growth increases. an autocatalyst that upregulates transcription of the Lux operon. autoinducers attract RNA polymerase to transcribe LuxR

42
Q

Lux operon

A

has 5 genes, including LuxA & LuxB. The other Lux genes (LuxC,D,E,G) recycle the products of the reaction

43
Q

LuxCDE heteromer

A

makes a fatty aldehyde (costing an ATP), and LuxG recycles Flavin MonoNucleotide (FMN)

44
Q

In the presence of oxygen, LuxAB

A

combine and release light

45
Q

The blue light from luciferin – or an aquarium black light - strikes the …, making the sea jelly glow green

A

GFP

46
Q

what are the most abundant vertebrate genus?

A

Bristlemouths

47
Q

Reflexive lining in lanternfish is made of

A

guanine crystals – a tapetum lucidum

48
Q

Each photophore on ventral side of lanternfish has concave reflector made of

A

guanine platelets

49
Q

coelenterazine

A

acted upon by luciferase to produce light. produced by photocytes

50
Q

The guanine layer reflects light emitted from a … redirecting it downward for shine below and remove its silhouette

A

photocyte

51
Q

subocular lights

A

used to communicate with conspecifics and flash in such a way that distracts predators or to hunt for zooplankton.​

52
Q

Suborbital tubules

A

provide the housing for the luminescent bacterial symbionts. pouch is even vascularized to nourish the bacterial colonies

53
Q

How do Flashlight Fish blink

A

They can rotate their suborbital organ backwards, turning the transparent opening inward, while exposing a dark lining on the bottom

54
Q

Stoplight Loosejaw Dragonfish

A

These dragonfish are called loosejaw because they can extend their lower jaw to increase their gape and capture large prey.​

Dragonfishes possess a pair of blue-green headlights on either side of their head for ‘conventional’ bioluminescence flashing to see prey nearby & perhaps lure them closer

55
Q

the dragonfish also shines red light from … organs under its eyes.​

A

stoplight

56
Q

sniper vision

A

illuminate prey, without the prey seeing the light and reacting to it by swimming away

57
Q

Lanternfish

A

Reflexive lights made of guanine crystals. A tapetum lucidum. They also have photophores on their ventral surface for counterillumination.​

Each photophore has a concave reflector made of guanine platelets.​

The guanine layer reflects light emitted from a photocyte, redirecting it downward for shine below and remove its silhouette

The photocytes produce the luciferin coelenterazine, which is acted upon by luciferase to produce light

58
Q

Suborbital tubules

A

provide the housing for the luminescent bacterial symbionts in flashlight fish. The pouch is even vascularized to nourish the bacterial colonies (see blood vessels).​

​

59
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Stretch receptors

Pnb exam 2 (8 decks)

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