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PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I > Nerve Cells and Neuron Potentials 1 > Flashcards

Nerve Cells and Neuron Potentials 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered afferent sensory information?

A
  • somatic senses
  • special senses
  • visceral senses
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2
Q

Afferent sensory information (input/output) to/from the brain and spinal cord.

A

input

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3
Q

Efferent sensory information (input/output) to/from the brain and spinal cord.

A

output

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4
Q

What are the 2 categories of efferent sensory information?

A
  • somatic

- autonomic

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5
Q

Somatic output goes to _____ ______.

A

skeletal muscles

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6
Q

What are the 2 categories of autonomic output?

A
  • sympathetic

- parasympathetic

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7
Q

Sympathetic output goes to …

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • glands
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8
Q

Parasympathetic output goes to …

A

enteric nervous system

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9
Q

Enteric nervous system goes to …

A

gastrointestinal tract

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10
Q

Name and describe the 2 cells of the nervous system.

A
  • neurons: excitable cells

- glial cells: support cells

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11
Q

What is the synapse?

A

site of communication between 2 neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ

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12
Q

What is the soma?

A
  • cell body

- contains nucleus and most organelles

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13
Q

What do the dendrites do?

A

reception of incoming information

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14
Q

What does the axon do?

A

transmits electrical impulses called action potentials

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15
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

where the axon originates and action potentials are initiated

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16
Q

What happens at the axon terminal?

A

releases neurotransmitter

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17
Q

What is anterograde transport?

A

from soma to axon terminal

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18
Q

What is retrograde transport?

A
  • from axon to soma

- microtubules and neurofilaments

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19
Q

What is considered slow retrograde transport?

A

0.5-40 mm/day

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20
Q

What is considered fast retrograde transport?

A

100-400 mm/day

21
Q

Describe leak ion channels.

A
  • always open
  • throughout the neuron
  • resting membrane potential
22
Q

Describe gated ion channels.

A
  • open or close in response to binding
  • dendrites and cell body
  • synaptic potentials
23
Q

Describe voltage-gated ion channels. Give examples.

A
  • open or close in response to changes in membrane potential
  • ex. sodium and potassium channels
  • ex. calcium channels
24
Q

Where are sodium and potassium channels located? What goes through them?

A
  • throughout, more in the axon (hillock)

- action potentials

25
Q

Where are the calcium channels? What are they responsible for?

A
  • axon terminal

- neurotransmitter release

26
Q

Afferent neurons (input/output).

A

input

27
Q

Efferent neurons (input/output).

A

output

28
Q

______ make up 90% of all cells in the nervous system.

A

glial cells

29
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS?

A
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • oligodendrocytes
  • ependymal cells
30
Q

What are the 2 types of glial cells in the PNS?

A
  • satellite cells

- Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

31
Q

What are the 2 myelin forming cells?

A
  • oligodendrocytes

- Schwann cells

32
Q

One oligodendrocyte:

A
  • forms several myelin sheaths

- myelinates sections of several axons

33
Q

One Schwann cell:

A
  • forms 1 myelin sheath

- myelinated one section of an axon

34
Q

Describe the resting membrane potential. What is the resting membrane potential for neurons?

A
  • more negative charges inside and positive charges outside the cell
  • ~-70 mV
35
Q

Name 2 critical factors for resting membrane potential.

A
  • ion concentration gradients (sodium and potassium ions)

- membrane permeability to these ions

36
Q

How is membrane permeability changed?

A
  • ion channels
  • chemical and electrical forces
  • concentration and electrical charge
37
Q

What is the permeability for the resting membrane potential of neurons?

A

25x more permeable to K+ vs Na+

38
Q

Describe ion distribution for the resting membrane potential of neurons.

A
  • outside cell: sodium and chloride

- inside cell: potassium and organic anions

39
Q

What do chemical driving forces do to K+ and Na+?

A
  • K+ out

- Na + in

40
Q

What happens when the cell becomes more permeable to K+?

A
  • more K+ leaves the cell than Na+ enters

- inside of the cell = negative

41
Q

What happens when electrical forces develop?

A
  • Na+ into cell
  • K+ into cell
  • K+ outflow slows
  • Na+ inflow speeds
42
Q

What happens to Na+ and K+ when a steady state develops?

A
  • Na+ and K+ in/outflow is balanced

- -70 mV

43
Q

A small Na+ leak at rest would be …

A
  • high force

- low permeability

44
Q

A small K+ leak at rest would be …

A
  • low force

- high permeability

45
Q

What maintains the resting potential?

A

sodium pump

46
Q

If the membrane potential is not at equilibrium for an ion:

A
  • the electrochemical force is not 0
  • force acts to move ions across the membrane in the direction favouring the equilibrium
  • farther from equilibrium = greater force for movement
47
Q

Describe the forces acting on ions at -70 mV.

A
  • membrane is further away from Na+ equilibrium

- a stronger force to move Na+ to equilibrium is present

48
Q

Each ion has it’s own _____.

A

force

49
Q

The resting membrane potential is closer to the _________ equilibrium potential.

A
  • potassium (-94 mV)

- Na equilibrium potential is (+60 mV)

PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I (14 decks)

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