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PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I > CNS 2 > Flashcards

CNS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is involuntary movement through reflexes? What are the 2 reflexes?

A
  • Automatic patterned response to a stimulus
  • Stretch reflex
  • Withdrawal and crossed-extensor reflexes
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2
Q

Describe the neural pathway for a reflex (arc).

A
  • stimulus
  • sensory receptor
  • afferent neuron
  • integration centre (CNS)
  • efferent neuron(s)
  • effector organ (muscle, gland)
  • response
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3
Q

Describe the muscle spindle stretch reflex.

A
  • monosynaptic
  • level of the spinal cord
  • innate (natural
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4
Q

What are the steps for muscle spindle stretch reflex when they hit below the knee?

A
  • stimulus
  • patellar tendon
  • muscle spindle
  • afferent neuron
  • to brain or interneuron
  • efferent neuron
  • to hamstrings or quads
  • response
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5
Q

What are the steps for withdrawal and crossed-extensor reflexes for a stimulus at the bottom of the foot?

A
  • stimulus
  • nociceptor
  • afferent neuron
  • to thalamus or efferent neuron
  • quads or hamstrings
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6
Q

What is involved in the development of the idea to move in voluntary movement?

A
  • limbic system
  • association areas
  • supplementary motor area
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7
Q

What is involved in the program of motor commands in voluntary movement?

A
  • supplementary motor area
  • premotor area
  • primary motor cortex
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8
Q

What is involved in the execution in voluntary movement?

A
  • pyramidal tract
  • extrapyramidal tract
  • motor neuron
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9
Q

What is involved in the feedback to ensure movement is carried out smoothly and successfully in voluntary movement?

A
  • sensory systems
  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
  • basal nuclei
  • brainstem
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10
Q

Name the steps in voluntary movement.

A
  • idea
  • program
  • execution
  • movement of skeletal muscle (or skip this)
  • feedback to idea, program, and execution
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11
Q

Efferent neurons originate in the ____ _____.

A

ventral horn

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12
Q

Motor neuron to skeletal muscle cell is:

A
  • always excitatory
  • contract = activates motor neuron
  • relax = no activation
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13
Q

What are the 2 descending pathways?

A
  • lateral pathways (brain to spinal cord)

- ventromedial pathways (input from inner ear, skin, eyes)

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14
Q

What are the 2 components of lateral pathways?

A
  • pyramidal tracts

- rubrospinal

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15
Q

Describe pyramidal tracts.

A
  • direct from primary motor cortex

- fine control of distal limb segments

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16
Q

Describe rubospinal.

A
  • motor control

- less important

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17
Q

What are the 3 components of ventromedial pathways?

A
  • reticulospinal tract
  • vestibulospinal tract
  • tectospinal tract
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18
Q

The ventromedial pathways input to:

A
  • trunk
  • neck
  • proximal limbs
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19
Q

Retuculospinal tract is responsible for …

A
  • balance

- posture

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20
Q

Vestibulospinal tract is responsible for …

A
  • input from inner ear

- control of head, neck, lumber muscles to maintain posture and balance

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21
Q

Tectospinal tract is responsible for …

A
  • input from eyes, skin and ears

- controls head and eye movement (tracking)

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22
Q

How do pathways work together in input to motor neurons from the brain?

A
  • Large and small muscle groups coordinate
  • Posture + activating small muscle groups
  • Multiple inputs
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23
Q

Where does control of posture come from?

A

ventromedial pathways from brainstem

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24
Q

Involuntary control of posture comes from input to brainstem from 5 sources:

A
  • skin receptors
  • eyes
  • ears
  • proprioceptors
  • vestibular apparatus
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25
Q

Why is the cerebellum critical to motor coordination?

A
  • Provides feedback control of motor function
  • Contributes to muscle tone
  • Stores programs for remembered activities
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26
Q

What does the basal nuclei do?

A
  • Feedback control of voluntary movements

- Select purposeful over unwanted movements

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27
Q

What are the 2 language areas in the left hemisphere?

A
  • Broca’s

- Wernicke’s

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28
Q

Where is Broca’s area located and what does it do?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • speech formation
  • language expression
29
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located and what does it do?

A
  • temporal & parietal lobe

- language comprehension

30
Q

What are 5 theories on the purpose of sleep?

A
  • lets body rest
  • lets brain rest
  • enhances memory
  • enhances learning
  • supports adequate immune system function
31
Q

Sleep is a ______ process.

A

active

32
Q

What are the phases of sleep?

A
  • REM

- non REM

33
Q

Name some characteristics of sleep.

A
  • breathing and heart rate change
  • increased creativity in REM sleep
  • logic in dreams in light sleep
34
Q

How do we wake up?

A
  • excitation signal to “wake up” via the thalamus that project into the cortex
  • neurotransmitters
35
Q

What neurotransmitters play a role in waking up?

A
  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
36
Q

Left hemisphere = _______ emotions

A

positive

37
Q

Right hemisphere = _______ emotions

A

negative

38
Q

Name 3 autonomic responses to emotion.

A
  • heart rate
  • hormones
  • digestion
39
Q

Name the CNS structures involved in emotions.

A
  • limbic system
  • amygdala
  • hypothalamus
  • midbrain
  • cerebral cortex
40
Q

What emotions are involved with the amygdala?

A
  • fear

- anxiety

41
Q

What emotions are involved with the hypothalamus?

A
  • anger

- aggression

42
Q

Motivation =

A

drive

43
Q

What are the 2 types of drive?

A
  • physiological drive

- emotional drive

44
Q

Give an example of physiological drive.

A

We eat because we are hungry, need nutrients

45
Q

Give an example of emotional drive.

A

We eat because we are upset and pleasure associated with eating overrides negative emotions

46
Q

What is pleasure?

A

strong motivating emotion

47
Q

Pleasure centres contain _______.

A

dopamine (reward centre)

48
Q

What are 3 characteristics of pleasure centres?

A
  • basal nuclei
  • connect to limbic system
  • can develop addiction through activation
49
Q

What is learning?

A

acquisition of new information

50
Q

What is memory?

A

retention of information, skills, or thoughts

51
Q

Why is the hippocampus important for learning?

A
  • associative learning

- non-associative learning

52
Q

What is associative learning?

A
  • connect two or more stimuli

- use of mnemonics (word association for learning)

53
Q

What is non-associative learning?

A

repetition of a single stimulus

54
Q

Non-associative learning includes:

A
  • habituation

- sensitization

55
Q

What is habituation?

A
  • decrease in response to a repeated stimulus

- acclimatized to noise distraction

56
Q

What is sensitization?

A
  • increase in response to a repeated stimulus

- increased awareness of additional/alternative stimuli

57
Q

What are the 2 memory processes?

A
  • procedural memory

- declarative memory

58
Q

Procedural memory =

A

implicit

59
Q

Declarative memory =

A

explicit

60
Q

Describe procedural memory.

A
  • Learned motor skills and behaviours
  • Automatic response: does not require a conscious effort
  • Cerebellum is involved
61
Q

Describe declarative memory.

A
  • Learned facts, events, and experiences
  • Requires conscious effort for recall
  • Hippocampus is involved
62
Q

Describe short term memory.

A
  • lasts seconds to minutes (perhaps hours)
  • lost unless consolidated (to long term)
  • repetition beneficial
63
Q

What lobe is associated with short term memory?

A

frontal lobe

64
Q

Describe long term memory.

A

lasts years to lifetime

65
Q

What lobe is associated with long term memory?

A

temporal lobe

66
Q

Learning and memory involve _____.

A

plasticity

67
Q

Describe plasticity.

A
  • new synapses
  • modulations of existing synapses
  • recently shown new neurons develop (BDNF, hypothalamus)
68
Q

What modulations of existing synapses occur with plasticity?

A
  • Strength of synapses increases through repetition

- Ie. Sensitivity to neurotransmitter or quantity of neurotransmitter

69
Q

How does exercise effect the brain?

A
  • Cognitive function improved in older adults (Slows progression of Alzheimer’s)
  • Alleviates mood disorders (ie. depression)
  • increased blood flow to the brain
  • increased metabolic activity of the brain

PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I (14 decks)

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