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PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I > CNS 1 > Flashcards

CNS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS consists of …

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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2
Q

CNS has ______ neurons.

A

100 billion

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3
Q

CNS has ______ synapses.

A

100 trillion

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4
Q

CNS is responsible for …

A

everything we perceive, do, feel, and think

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5
Q

What are the 4 glial cells in the CNS?

A
  • Astrocytes: BBB
  • Ependymal cells: line cavities, form CSF
  • Microglia: phagocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes: form myelin
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6
Q

What are the 2 glial cells in the PNS?

A
  • Schwann cells (located in PNS): form myelin

- Satellite cells (located in PNS)

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7
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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8
Q

What are the bones in the CNS?

A
  • cranium

- vertebral column

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by…

A

ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

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10
Q

CSF circulates through …

A

ventricles to subarachnoid space

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11
Q

CSF is reabsorbed by…

A

arachnoid villi

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12
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • cushions the brain

- maintains a stable interstitial fluid environment

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13
Q

What is the total volume of CSF?

A

125-150 mL

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14
Q

Choroid plexus produces _______ mL/day.

A

400-500 mL/day

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15
Q

CNS is recycled ___ times a day.

A

3

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16
Q

CNS is roughly ___ lbs and receives ___ % of blood supply.

A
  • 3-4 lbs

- 15%

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17
Q

High metabolic rate uses ___% of O2 consumed by body at rest.

A

20%

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18
Q

High metabolic rate uses ___% of glucose consumed by body at rest.

A

50%

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19
Q

High metabolic rate needs a steady supply of both…

A
  • O2

- glucose

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20
Q

CNS neurons and dependent on _____ _____.

A

aerobic glycolysis

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21
Q

Are fatty acids ever used for energy?

A
  • no

- ketones used during extreme conditions

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22
Q

Describe the capillaries of the blood brain barrier.

A
  • Exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
  • Thin: single layer of endothelial cells
  • Diffusion
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23
Q

Describe the special anatomy of the blood brain barrier.

A

CNS capillaries that limit exchange

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24
Q

What are the 4 components of white matter?

A
  • projection fibres
  • association fibres
  • commissural fibres
  • corpus callosum
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25
Q

The cylinder of nerve tissue is approximately __ cm long and _____ cm in diameter.

A
  • 44 cm long

- 1-1.4 cm in diameter

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26
Q

What are the 2 functional halves of gray matter?

A
  • dorsal: sensory functions

- ventral: motor functions

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27
Q

White matter forms tracts. How are they categorized?

A
  • ascending

- descending

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28
Q

What are the subdivisions of the brain?

A
  • forebrain
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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29
Q

What does the forebrain consist of?

A
  • cerebrum

- diencephalon

30
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A
  • cerebral cortex

- basal nuclei

31
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
32
Q

What are the components of the brainstem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
33
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • outer region
  • gray matter
  • highest level of neural processing
34
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • perception of environment
  • ideas
  • recollection
  • body movement
  • integrating center
35
Q

Name 3 important parts of the cerebral cortex.

A
  • gyri-folds
  • sulci-deep grooves
  • layers of cortex
36
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • insula
37
Q

The central sulcus is between which 2 lobes?

A
  • frontal lobe

- parietal lobe

38
Q

The lateral sulcus is between which 2 lobes?

A
  • frontal and parietal lobe

- temporal lobe

39
Q

Functional areas of the cerebral cortex are …

A
  • mapped with a homunculus

- topographical map

40
Q

Association areas of the cerebral cortex are …

A
  • more complex processing

- require input from primary cortical areas for integration

41
Q

What do the prefrontal association areas do?

A
  • idea
  • plan for voluntary movement
  • thoughts
  • personality
  • frontal lobe
42
Q

What does the premotor cortex do? What part is it in?

A
  • coordinates voluntary movements

- frontal lobe

43
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do? What part is it in?

A
  • voluntary movement

- frontal lobe

44
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex do? What part is it in?

A
  • somesthetic sensations
  • proprioception
  • parietal lobe
45
Q

What do sensory association areas do? What part is it in?

A
  • integration of sensory information

- parietal lobe

46
Q

What do visual association areas do? What part is it in?

A
  • higher vision processing

- occipital lobe

47
Q

What does the primary visual cortex do? What part is it in?

A
  • vision

- occipital lobe

48
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do? What part is it in?

A
  • language comprehension

- parietal and temporal lobe

49
Q

Where are auditory association areas located? What part is it in?

A

temporal lobe

50
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex do? What part is it in?

A
  • hearing

- temporal lobe

51
Q

What does the limbic association cortex do? What part is it in?

A
  • emotions
  • learning
  • memory
  • temporal lobe
52
Q

What does the olfactory cortex do? What part is it in?

A
  • smell

- temporal lobe

53
Q

What does Broca’s area do? What part is it in?

A
  • speech formation

- frontal lobe

54
Q

What are the right brain specializations?

A
  • creativity

- spatial perception

55
Q

What are the left brain specializations?

A
  • logic
  • analytical abilities
  • language
56
Q

Sensory pathways cross in the brain, meaning that…

A
  • right brain perceives left input

- left brain perceives right input

57
Q

Motor pathways cross in the brain, meaning that…

A
  • right brain controls muscles on left

- left brain controls muscles on right

58
Q

What are the 4 structures of the subcortical gray matter?

A
  • globus pallidus
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • claustrum
59
Q

What are the functions of the subcortical gray matter?

A
  • Inhibition of unwanted movements
  • Selection of purposeful movements
  • Postural support
60
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A
  • Integrate sensory and motor information

- Relays to cortex

61
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A
  • Food intake
  • Thermoregulation
  • Neuroendocrine
  • Circadian rhythms
62
Q

What is found in the epithalamus and what does it do?

A

pineal gland: melatonin

63
Q

What are the 3 functions of the limbic system?

A
  • learning
  • emotions
  • behaviour
64
Q

The cerebellum is _______.

A

symmetrical

65
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Motor coordination and balance
  • Posture, proprioceptive information
  • Coordination of eye and body movements-fine tunes
66
Q

What happens in the brainstem?

A

processing center for 10 (of 12) pairs of cranial nerves

67
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A
  • connects to forebrain
  • ascending/descending tracts
  • reflexive response to auditory and visual stimuli
68
Q

What do the pons do?

A
  • connects to cerebellum

- smooths breathing cycle

69
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A
  • connects to spinal cord
  • regulates breathing rate
  • vasomotor response
  • strength of heart contraction
70
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A
  • Sleep/wake cycles

- consciousness

PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I (14 decks)

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