CNS 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The CNS consists of …
A
- brain
- spinal cord
2
Q
CNS has ______ neurons.
A
100 billion
3
Q
CNS has ______ synapses.
A
100 trillion
4
Q
CNS is responsible for …
A
everything we perceive, do, feel, and think
5
Q
What are the 4 glial cells in the CNS?
A
- Astrocytes: BBB
- Ependymal cells: line cavities, form CSF
- Microglia: phagocytes
- Oligodendrocytes: form myelin
6
Q
What are the 2 glial cells in the PNS?
A
- Schwann cells (located in PNS): form myelin
- Satellite cells (located in PNS)
7
Q
What are the 3 meninges?
A
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
8
Q
What are the bones in the CNS?
A
- cranium
- vertebral column
9
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by…
A
ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
10
Q
CSF circulates through …
A
ventricles to subarachnoid space
11
Q
CSF is reabsorbed by…
A
arachnoid villi
12
Q
What are the functions of CSF?
A
- cushions the brain
- maintains a stable interstitial fluid environment
13
Q
What is the total volume of CSF?
A
125-150 mL
14
Q
Choroid plexus produces _______ mL/day.
A
400-500 mL/day
15
Q
CNS is recycled ___ times a day.
A
3
16
Q
CNS is roughly ___ lbs and receives ___ % of blood supply.
A
- 3-4 lbs
- 15%
17
Q
High metabolic rate uses ___% of O2 consumed by body at rest.
A
20%
18
Q
High metabolic rate uses ___% of glucose consumed by body at rest.
A
50%
19
Q
High metabolic rate needs a steady supply of both…
A
- O2
- glucose
20
Q
CNS neurons and dependent on _____ _____.
A
aerobic glycolysis
21
Q
Are fatty acids ever used for energy?
A
- no
- ketones used during extreme conditions
22
Q
Describe the capillaries of the blood brain barrier.
A
- Exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
- Thin: single layer of endothelial cells
- Diffusion
23
Q
Describe the special anatomy of the blood brain barrier.
A
CNS capillaries that limit exchange
24
Q
What are the 4 components of white matter?
A
- projection fibres
- association fibres
- commissural fibres
- corpus callosum
25
The cylinder of nerve tissue is approximately __ cm long and _____ cm in diameter.
- 44 cm long
| - 1-1.4 cm in diameter
26
What are the 2 functional halves of gray matter?
- dorsal: sensory functions
| - ventral: motor functions
27
White matter forms tracts. How are they categorized?
- ascending
| - descending
28
What are the subdivisions of the brain?
- forebrain
- cerebellum
- brainstem
29
What does the forebrain consist of?
- cerebrum
| - diencephalon
30
What does the cerebrum consist of?
- cerebral cortex
| - basal nuclei
31
What does the diencephalon consist of?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
32
What are the components of the brainstem?
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
33
What is the cerebral cortex?
- outer region
- gray matter
- highest level of neural processing
34
What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?
- perception of environment
- ideas
- recollection
- body movement
- integrating center
35
Name 3 important parts of the cerebral cortex.
- gyri-folds
- sulci-deep grooves
- layers of cortex
36
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal
- insula
37
The central sulcus is between which 2 lobes?
- frontal lobe
| - parietal lobe
38
The lateral sulcus is between which 2 lobes?
- frontal and parietal lobe
| - temporal lobe
39
Functional areas of the cerebral cortex are ...
- mapped with a homunculus
| - topographical map
40
Association areas of the cerebral cortex are ...
- more complex processing
| - require input from primary cortical areas for integration
41
What do the prefrontal association areas do?
- idea
- plan for voluntary movement
- thoughts
- personality
- frontal lobe
42
What does the premotor cortex do? What part is it in?
- coordinates voluntary movements
| - frontal lobe
43
What does the primary motor cortex do? What part is it in?
- voluntary movement
| - frontal lobe
44
What does the primary somatosensory cortex do? What part is it in?
- somesthetic sensations
- proprioception
- parietal lobe
45
What do sensory association areas do? What part is it in?
- integration of sensory information
| - parietal lobe
46
What do visual association areas do? What part is it in?
- higher vision processing
| - occipital lobe
47
What does the primary visual cortex do? What part is it in?
- vision
| - occipital lobe
48
What does Wernicke's area do? What part is it in?
- language comprehension
| - parietal and temporal lobe
49
Where are auditory association areas located? What part is it in?
temporal lobe
50
What does the primary auditory cortex do? What part is it in?
- hearing
| - temporal lobe
51
What does the limbic association cortex do? What part is it in?
- emotions
- learning
- memory
- temporal lobe
52
What does the olfactory cortex do? What part is it in?
- smell
| - temporal lobe
53
What does Broca's area do? What part is it in?
- speech formation
| - frontal lobe
54
What are the right brain specializations?
- creativity
| - spatial perception
55
What are the left brain specializations?
- logic
- analytical abilities
- language
56
Sensory pathways cross in the brain, meaning that...
- right brain perceives left input
| - left brain perceives right input
57
Motor pathways cross in the brain, meaning that...
- right brain controls muscles on left
| - left brain controls muscles on right
58
What are the 4 structures of the subcortical gray matter?
- globus pallidus
- caudate
- putamen
- claustrum
59
What are the functions of the subcortical gray matter?
- Inhibition of unwanted movements
- Selection of purposeful movements
- Postural support
60
What does the thalamus do?
- Integrate sensory and motor information
| - Relays to cortex
61
What does the hypothalamus do?
- Food intake
- Thermoregulation
- Neuroendocrine
- Circadian rhythms
62
What is found in the epithalamus and what does it do?
pineal gland: melatonin
63
What are the 3 functions of the limbic system?
- learning
- emotions
- behaviour
64
The cerebellum is _______.
symmetrical
65
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
- Motor coordination and balance
- Posture, proprioceptive information
- Coordination of eye and body movements-fine tunes
66
What happens in the brainstem?
processing center for 10 (of 12) pairs of cranial nerves
67
What does the midbrain do?
- connects to forebrain
- ascending/descending tracts
- reflexive response to auditory and visual stimuli
68
What do the pons do?
- connects to cerebellum
| - smooths breathing cycle
69
What does the medulla oblongata do?
- connects to spinal cord
- regulates breathing rate
- vasomotor response
- strength of heart contraction
70
What does the reticular formation do?
- Sleep/wake cycles
| - consciousness
