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PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Organismal functions depends on what.

A
  • individual and collective cell functions

- if one breaks down, we see disease/dysfunction

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2
Q

What do epithelial cells do?

A
  • connect body parts
  • form linings
  • transport gases
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3
Q

What do smooth/skeletal cells do?

A

move things

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4
Q

What do fat cells do?

A

store nutrients

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5
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

fight disease/body invaders

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6
Q

What do sperm cells do?

A

reproduce

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7
Q

What do nerve cells do?

A

gather information and control body functions

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8
Q

Describe the plasma membrane.

A
  • barrier between cell and external environment

- can pass ions through membrane but it depends on what it is

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9
Q

Fluid inside the cell is called?

A

intercellular fluid (ICF)

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10
Q

Fluid outside the cell is called?

A

extracellular fluid (ECF)

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11
Q

Describe the nucleus.

A
  • info centre
  • DNA inside of here
  • transcribes info for all proteins that body needs
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12
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

watery environment including organelles

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13
Q

What does the cytoplasm consist of?

A
  • cytosol

- organelles

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14
Q

What model describes the structure of the plasma membrane, and what does it consist of?

A
  • fluid mosaic model
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • cholesterol
  • membrane proteins
  • membrane carbohydrates
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15
Q

Describe phospholipids.

A
  • basic structure of the membrane
  • barrier to passage of substances between ICF and ECF
  • provides fluidity to the membrane
  • impermeable to water
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16
Q

What are aquaporins?

A
  • integral membrane proteins

- pores that allow water to travel through

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17
Q

Phosphate heads are ______ & _____, while fatty acid tails are ______ & _____.

A
  • polar & hydrophilic

- non polar & and hydrophobic

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18
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A
  • adds fluidity to the cell membrane
  • interferes with hydrophobic interactions between phospholipids
  • decreases permeability of membrane to water
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19
Q

membrane lipids are made up of 75% ______ (____ ____), 5% ______ & ______, and 20% _______.

A
  • phospholipids (lipid bilayer)
  • glycolipids & glycoproteins
  • cholesterol
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20
Q

What does glycolipids & glycoproteins consist of?

A

outer membrane surface

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21
Q

Describe integral membrane proteins.

A
  • amphipathic
  • some proteins are transmembrane proteins (i.e. channels)
  • some are located on one side of the membrane (enzymes, receptors)
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22
Q

Describe peripheral membrane proteins.

A
  • easily dissociated from the cell membrane
  • most located on cytosolic side of the membrane
  • membrane carbohydrates bound to membrane proteins (extracellular side)
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23
Q

What are the functions of membrane carbohydrates bound to membrane proteins?

A
  • glycocalyx: appears as a brush holder, holds cell together/protection
  • antigens: cell recognition
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24
Q

What are the 3 general cell functions?

A
  • metabolism
  • cellular transport
  • intercellular communication
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25
Q

List the steps of metabolism.

A
  • anabolism
  • synthesis
  • catabolism
  • breakdown
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26
Q

metabolism =

A

chemical reactions in body

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27
Q

Describe the steps of cellular transport.

A
  • non polar molecules diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer
  • polar molecules go through mediated transport with protein carriers and move through ion channels
  • vesicular transport
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28
Q

What does intercellular communication do?

A

coordinate cell activity for homeostasis

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29
Q

What does direct intercellular communication use? Give examples.

A
  • gap junctions

- ex. cAMP, Ca 2+

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30
Q

What does indirect intercellular communication use? Give examples.

A
  • messengers and receptors
  • chemical messengers released by one cell to act on specific receptors on another cell
  • ex. insulin and GLUT 4 receptors (insulin released by pancreatic b cells acts on insulin receptors in most cells to facilitate glucose uptake
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31
Q

What are the 2 categories of cell-to-cell adhesions?

A
  • membrane junctions

- specialized junctions

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32
Q

What are the 3 components of specialized junctions?

A
  • tight junctions
  • desmosomes
  • gap junctions
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33
Q

Describe membrane junctions: tight junctions.

A
  • prevents fluids and most molecules from moving between cells
  • preventing foreign bodies (bacteria etc.)
  • providing a barrier to cancer cells
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34
Q

Describe desmosomes.

A
  • binds cells together for strength (“spot welds”)

- found in tissue subject to mechanical stress (ex. uterus, stomach, bladder)

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35
Q

Describe gap junctions and give an example.

A
  • composed of membrane proteins
  • link the cytosol of 2 adjacent cells
  • form pores so that ions and molecules can moved between cells, act as a signal
  • ex. direct communication: electrical sign in cardiac muscle
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36
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

forms the membrane of the nucleus

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37
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores?

A

selective movement of materials through the nuclear envelope

38
Q

What happens at the nucleolus?

A

site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

39
Q

Name 3 functions of the nucleus.

A
  • trasmission and expression of genetic information
  • contains DNA: stores the genetic code
  • DNA transcribed to RNA: necessary to express the genetic code
40
Q

The cytoplasm is composed of _______ + _______.

A

cytosol (fluid of cell) + organelles

41
Q

Name 3 functions of cytosol.

A
  • location of specific chemical reactions
  • storage of fat and carbohydrates
  • storage of secretory vesicles
42
Q

What are the 2 categories of organelles?

A
  • membranous organelles

- non-membranous organelles

43
Q

What are the 5 membranous organelles?

A
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  • golgi apparatus
  • mitochondria
  • lysosomes
  • peroxisomes
44
Q

What are the 4 non-membranous organelles?

A
  • ribosomes
  • vaults
  • centrioles
  • cytoskeleton
45
Q

What are the 2 categories of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A
  • rough ER

- smooth ER

46
Q

Describe the rough ER.

A
  • flattened sacs

- granular appearance due to ribosomes

47
Q

Describe the smooth ER.

A
  • tubules

- smooth appearance

48
Q

What is the function of the ER?

A

protein and lipid synthesis for use by organelles or other cells

49
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

processing and packaging of proteins, then directed to target

50
Q

What are the functions of the mitochondria?

A
  • powerhouse of the cell
  • mass ATP producer
  • CHO, fat, or protein derivative
  • O2 utilization
51
Q

What are the functions of the lysosomes?

A
  • enzymatic process

- contain enzymes that degrade cellular or extracellular debris

52
Q

Name and describe the 2 processes that happen with lysosomes.

A
  • endocytosis: extracellular, vesicle formation and lysosome degradation
  • phagocytosis: intracellular, engulfs particles
53
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

degrade waste molecules i.e. amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic foreign substances

54
Q

What is the by product of the process completed by peroxisomes?

A
  • H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
  • forms water and oxygen through enzymatic conversion
  • reaction is immediate
55
Q

Ribosomes = _____ and ______.

A

rNA and proteins

56
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

integral for protein synthesis

57
Q

What are the 2 types of ribosomes? Describe each.

A
  • fixed: attached to rough ER

- free: loose in cytosol

58
Q

What are vaults? What are its functions?

A
  • barrel-shaped
  • recently discovered
  • transport of molecules within the cell
  • function largely unknown
59
Q

Why could vaults possibly become part of cancer treatment?

A

linked to apoptosis (programmed cell death)

60
Q

What are centrioles? What are its functions?

A
  • paired cylindrical structures
  • perpendicular to each other
  • function in cell division
  • develop spindle fibres
  • organize
61
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A
  • lattice of fibrous proteins (framework, basic foundation)

- keeps organelles in place

62
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • support and structure
  • transport of materials
  • suspension of organelles
  • formation of adhesions with other cells
  • contraction
63
Q

Each​ ​of​ ​the​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​cytoskeleton​ ​differ​ ​in​ ​size. What are these?​ ​(how are​ ​they​ ​are​ ​classified?)

A
  • Microfilament
  • ​Intermediate​ ​filament
  • ​Microtubule
64
Q

Name the 4 general steps of protein synthesis.

A
  • code for proteins (genetic code)
  • DNA is transcribed in the nucleus to mRNA
  • mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  • mRNA is translated by ribosomes to proteins
65
Q

Define gene.

A

a portion of DNA holding the genetic code

66
Q

Define triplet.

A

a nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid

67
Q

What happens when the genetic code is being transcribed?

A
  • DNA is transcribed to mRNA

- a triplet is transcribed into a codon

68
Q

What is transcription?

A

process where RNA is synthesized using DNA

69
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A
  • mRNA: messenger
  • rRNA: ribosomal
  • tRNA: transfer
70
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A
  • enzyme
  • binds to a sequence of DNA
  • DNA uncoils
  • mRNA forms behind it
  • catalyzes the formation of bonds between nucleotides of mRNA
71
Q

Describe the process of translation.

A
  • requires mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA (rRNA is within the ribosome)
  • occurs in the cytoplasm
  • translate info to form the polypeptide sequence
72
Q

How is the destination of proteins determined?

A
  • determined by leader sequence (synthesized 1st)
  • boss
  • requires free ribosomes in cytosol
  • what to do, where to go (in cell, out of cell)
73
Q

What is post translational processing?

A
  • takes polypeptide and processes it into the final product
  • in terms of the cell, remove leader sequence-job is done, polypeptide is at its destination
  • cleavage of excess amino acids
74
Q

What are the 2 additions at post translational processing?

A
  • lipids

- carbohydrates

75
Q

Describe the packaging of proteins.

A
  • from the ER (processing)

- to the golgi apparatus (close association with ER, packaged into vesicles)

76
Q

Describe cell division.

A
  • most cells have a limited life span

- mitosis replaces cells

77
Q

What is a chromosome?

A
  • one complete DNA molecule plus associated proteins

- chromosomes are coiled around histones

78
Q

Humans have __ pairs of chromosomes. One ______ set and one ______ set.

A
  • 23 pairs
  • parental set
  • maternal set
79
Q

Define chromatin.

A

threads of DNA within the nucleus

80
Q

Define chromatid.

A

individual component of chromosome pairs

81
Q

Define centromere.

A

center portion that links chromatids

82
Q

Define centrioles.

A
  • organelle
  • forms spindle fibres
  • associated with organization of cell components
83
Q

Name the 7 events in the cell cycle.

A
  • interphase
  • prophase
  • prometaphase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokinesis
84
Q

Describe interphase.

A

normal functions of cell

85
Q

Describe prophase.

A
  • chromatin pairs condense
  • mitotic spindle forms (from microtubules)
  • centriole pairs move to opposite ends of cell
86
Q

Describe prometaphase.

A
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • no nucleolus
  • chromosomes linked to spindle fibres
87
Q

Describe metaphase.

A

chromosomes aligned at the middle of the cell

88
Q

Describe anaphase.

A
  • chromatid pairs separate
  • chromosomes move along mitotic spindle to opposite poles
  • cytosol starts to take place
89
Q

Describe telophase.

A
  • new nuclear envelopes
  • chromosomes de-condence (to chromatin)
  • mitotic spindle starts breaking down
90
Q

Describe cytokinesis.

A

division of the cytoplasm (starts to occur in anaphase or telophase)

PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I (14 decks)

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