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PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I > Endocrine System 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name some of the primary endocrine organs.

A
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • thymus
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • ovaries (female)
  • testes (male)
  • placenta (pregnant female)
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2
Q

Name some of the secondary endocrine organs.

A
  • heart
  • stomach
  • liver
  • kidney
  • small intestine
  • skin
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3
Q

What hormones do the heart secrete?

A
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide (affects Na+ absorption by kidneys)
  • Opposes aldosterone
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4
Q

What hormone does the heart secrete?

A

erythroprotein (RBC production)

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5
Q

What hormones do the GI tract secrete?

A
  • several hormones released
  • Cholecystokinin (small intestine)
  • Secretin (small intestine)
  • Gastrin (stomach, sm. Intestine, pancreas)
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6
Q

What hormone does the liver secrete?

A

insulin-like growth factors

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7
Q

What hormone does the skin and kidneys secrete?

A

vitamin D (calcium absorption)

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8
Q

The pituitary gland has 2 lobes. What are they?

A
  • anterior lobe

- posterior lobe

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9
Q

Name the hormones of the posterior pituitary.

A
  • ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin)

- oxytocin

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10
Q

Where are ADH and oxytocin produced?

A

in different parts of the hypothalamus

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11
Q

What effect does ADH have?

A

water balance and osmolarity

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12
Q

What effect does oxytocin have?

A
  • milk ejection

- uterus contractions

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13
Q

What is the portal system?

A
  • links two capillary beds

- exchange between blood and tissue occurs in the capillaries

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14
Q

What happens after the blood and hormones enter the portal vein?

A

anterior pituitary releases tropic hormones

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15
Q

Name the releasing/Inhibiting (tropic) Hormones of the hypothalamus.

A
  • PRH
  • PIH
  • TRH
  • CRH
  • GHRH
  • GHIH
  • GnRH
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16
Q

Name the hormones of the anterior pituitary.

A
  • Prolactin
  • TSH (tropic)
  • ACTH (tropic)
  • GH (tropic)
  • LH (tropic)
  • FSH (tropic)
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17
Q

What are the 3 controls of hypothalamic tropic hormone release?

A
  • neural input
  • hormonal
  • circadian rhythm
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18
Q

Where does neural input originate from?

A
  • brainstem
  • limbic system
  • ANS
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19
Q

Describe hormonal control of hypothalamic tropic hormone release.

A
  • negative feedback

- short and long feedback loops

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20
Q

Describe circadian rhythm control of hypothalamic tropic hormone release.

A
  • input to hypothalamus from the eye

- also signals the pineal gland (melatonin)

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21
Q

Describe melatonin.

A
  • not a tropic hormone

- affects LH, FSH, and prolactin

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22
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

glandular tissue in the brain

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23
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

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24
Q

What is the pineal gland important for?

A
  • melatonin is involved in circadian rhythms

- coordinates body activities to the day-night cycle

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25
Q

What are the 3 hormones that the thyroid gland secretes?

A
  • T4: Tetraiodothyronine (thyroxin)
  • T3: Triiodothyronine
  • calcitonin
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26
Q

What does T4 and T3 do?

A
  • regulate metabolism

- BMR, energy expenditure at rest

27
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A
  • regulates calcium levels in the blood

- decreases calcium

28
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

29
Q

What does PTH do?

A
  • regulates calcium levels in the blood

- increases calcium

30
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

A
  • posterior portion of the thyroid gland

- usually 4 of them

31
Q

What does the thymus secrete?

A

thymosin

32
Q

What does thymosin do?

A

regulates T-cell function (immune response)

33
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A
  • several layers
  • each layer secretes a different hormone
  • mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • sex hormones (androgens)
34
Q

Where are the mineralocorticoids secreted from and what do they regulate?

A
  • secreted from zona glomerulosa

- regulates sodium and potassium levels

35
Q

Where are the glucocorticoids secreted from and what do they regulate?

A
  • secreted from zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
  • regulates the body’s response to stress
  • regulates metabolism
36
Q

Where are the sex hormones secreted from and what do they regulate?

A
  • secreted from zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

- regulate reproductive function

37
Q

What kind of cells does the adrenal medulla have?

A

secretory cells

38
Q

What is secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A
  • mostly epinephrine
  • norepinephrine to a lesser degree
  • small amount of dopamine
39
Q

The adrenal medulla is under _____ control.

A

neural

40
Q

Acinar and duct cells of the pancreas secrete what? Where do these secretions go?

A
  • secrete fluid and enzymes

- secretions enter the digestive tract via the pancreatic duct

41
Q

What cells make up the Islets of Langerhans?

A
  • alpha cells
  • beta cells
  • delta cells
  • F cells
42
Q

What do alpha cells secrete?

A

glucagon

43
Q

What do beta cells secrete?

A

insulin

44
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

45
Q

What does somatostatin effect?

A
  • digestion

- absorption of nutrients

46
Q

What do F cells secrete?

A

pancreatic polypeptide

47
Q

What does pancreatic polypeptide do?

A
  • inhibits digestive enzyme secretions

- contractions of the gall bladder

48
Q

What controls the hormone levels in blood?

A
  • rate of hormone secretion
  • amount of hormone bound to plasma proteins
  • rate of hormone metabolism
49
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones

50
Q

Describe hydrophilic hormones.

A
  • Peptides, catecholamines

- dissolved in plasma

51
Q

Describe hydrophobic hormones.

A
  • steroids, thyroid hormones
  • bound to carrier proteins
  • only free hormone can bind to receptors
  • only free hormone can be metabolized
  • longer half-life
52
Q

What are the 3 sites of hormone metabolism?

A
  • target cell
  • blood
  • liver
53
Q

Lipophilic hormones can be stored in _____ _____.

A

adipose tissue

54
Q

What are the two pathologies that keep hormone levels in balance?

A
  • hyposecretion

- hypersecretion

55
Q

What is hyposecretion? Give an example.

A
  • too little

- diabetes melitus type 1

56
Q

What is hypersecretion? Give and example.

A
  • too much

- acromegaly

57
Q

What is antagonism?

A

effects of hormones oppose each other

58
Q

Give an example of antagonism.

A
  • glucagon vs insulin
  • glucagon increases blood glucose levels
  • insulin decreases blood glucose levels
59
Q

What is additive?

A

net effect equal the sum of the individual effects

60
Q

What is synergism?

A

effects of 2 hormones favour each other but the net effect exceeds the sum of individual effects

61
Q

Give an example of synergism.

A

The effects of glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine on blood glucose

62
Q

What is permissiveness?

A

one hormone is needed for another to exert its effects

63
Q

Give examples of permissiveness.

A
  • Thyroid hormones cause expression of beta adrenergic receptors in bronchiolar smooth muscle
  • Estrogen causes expression of progesterone receptors in the uterus

PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I (14 decks)

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