Endocrine System 1

Question 1

Name some of the primary endocrine organs.

Answer 1

• pineal gland
• hypothalamus
• pituitary gland
• thyroid gland
• parathyroid glands
• thymus
• adrenal gland
• pancreas
• ovaries (female)
• testes (male)
• placenta (pregnant female)

Question 2

Name some of the secondary endocrine organs.

Answer 2

• heart
• stomach
• liver
• kidney
• small intestine
• skin

Question 3

What hormones do the heart secrete?

Answer 3

• Atrial natriuretic peptide (affects Na+ absorption by kidneys)
• Opposes aldosterone

Question 4

What hormone does the heart secrete?

Answer 4

erythroprotein (RBC production)

Question 5

What hormones do the GI tract secrete?

Answer 5

• several hormones released
• Cholecystokinin (small intestine)
• Secretin (small intestine)
• Gastrin (stomach, sm. Intestine, pancreas)

Question 6

What hormone does the liver secrete?

Answer 6

insulin-like growth factors

Question 7

What hormone does the skin and kidneys secrete?

Answer 7

vitamin D (calcium absorption)

Question 8

The pituitary gland has 2 lobes. What are they?

Answer 8

• anterior lobe

- posterior lobe

Question 9

Name the hormones of the posterior pituitary.

Answer 9

• ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin)

- oxytocin

Question 10

Where are ADH and oxytocin produced?

Answer 10

in different parts of the hypothalamus

Question 11

What effect does ADH have?

Answer 11

water balance and osmolarity

Question 12

What effect does oxytocin have?

Answer 12

• milk ejection

- uterus contractions

Question 13

What is the portal system?

Answer 13

• links two capillary beds

- exchange between blood and tissue occurs in the capillaries

Question 14

What happens after the blood and hormones enter the portal vein?

Answer 14

anterior pituitary releases tropic hormones

Question 15

Name the releasing/Inhibiting (tropic) Hormones of the hypothalamus.

Answer 15

• PRH
• PIH
• TRH
• CRH
• GHRH
• GHIH
• GnRH

Question 16

Name the hormones of the anterior pituitary.

Answer 16

• Prolactin
• TSH (tropic)
• ACTH (tropic)
• GH (tropic)
• LH (tropic)
• FSH (tropic)

Question 17

What are the 3 controls of hypothalamic tropic hormone release?

Answer 17

• neural input
• hormonal
• circadian rhythm

Question 18

Where does neural input originate from?

Answer 18

• brainstem
• limbic system
• ANS

Question 19

Describe hormonal control of hypothalamic tropic hormone release.

Answer 19

• negative feedback

- short and long feedback loops

Question 20

Describe circadian rhythm control of hypothalamic tropic hormone release.

Answer 20

• input to hypothalamus from the eye

- also signals the pineal gland (melatonin)

Question 21

Describe melatonin.

Answer 21

• not a tropic hormone

- affects LH, FSH, and prolactin

Question 22

What is the pineal gland?

Answer 22

glandular tissue in the brain

Question 23

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 23

melatonin

Question 24

What is the pineal gland important for?

Answer 24

• melatonin is involved in circadian rhythms

- coordinates body activities to the day-night cycle

Question 25

What are the 3 hormones that the thyroid gland secretes?

Answer 25

- T4: Tetraiodothyronine (thyroxin) - T3: Triiodothyronine - calcitonin

Question 26

What does T4 and T3 do?

Answer 26

- regulate metabolism | - BMR, energy expenditure at rest

Question 27

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 27

- regulates calcium levels in the blood | - decreases calcium

Question 28

What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?

Answer 28

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 29

What does PTH do?

Answer 29

- regulates calcium levels in the blood | - increases calcium

Question 30

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

Answer 30

- posterior portion of the thyroid gland | - usually 4 of them

Question 31

What does the thymus secrete?

Answer 31

thymosin

Question 32

What does thymosin do?

Answer 32

regulates T-cell function (immune response)

Question 33

What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 33

- several layers - each layer secretes a different hormone - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) - glucocorticoids (cortisol) - sex hormones (androgens)

Question 34

Where are the mineralocorticoids secreted from and what do they regulate?

Answer 34

- secreted from zona glomerulosa | - regulates sodium and potassium levels

Question 35

Where are the glucocorticoids secreted from and what do they regulate?

Answer 35

- secreted from zona fasciculata and zona reticularis - regulates the body's response to stress - regulates metabolism

Question 36

Where are the sex hormones secreted from and what do they regulate?

Answer 36

- secreted from zona fasciculata and zona reticularis | - regulate reproductive function

Question 37

What kind of cells does the adrenal medulla have?

Answer 37

secretory cells

Question 38

What is secreted from the adrenal medulla?

Answer 38

- mostly epinephrine - norepinephrine to a lesser degree - small amount of dopamine

Question 39

The adrenal medulla is under _____ control.

Answer 39

neural

Question 40

Acinar and duct cells of the pancreas secrete what? Where do these secretions go?

Answer 40

- secrete fluid and enzymes | - secretions enter the digestive tract via the pancreatic duct

Question 41

What cells make up the Islets of Langerhans?

Answer 41

- alpha cells - beta cells - delta cells - F cells

Question 42

What do alpha cells secrete?

Answer 42

glucagon

Question 43

What do beta cells secrete?

Answer 43

insulin

Question 44

What do delta cells secrete?

Answer 44

somatostatin

Question 45

What does somatostatin effect?

Answer 45

- digestion | - absorption of nutrients

Question 46

What do F cells secrete?

Answer 46

pancreatic polypeptide

Question 47

What does pancreatic polypeptide do?

Answer 47

- inhibits digestive enzyme secretions | - contractions of the gall bladder

Question 48

What controls the hormone levels in blood?

Answer 48

- rate of hormone secretion - amount of hormone bound to plasma proteins - rate of hormone metabolism

Question 49

How are hormones transported?

Answer 49

hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones

Question 50

Describe hydrophilic hormones.

Answer 50

- Peptides, catecholamines | - dissolved in plasma

Question 51

Describe hydrophobic hormones.

Answer 51

- steroids, thyroid hormones - bound to carrier proteins - only free hormone can bind to receptors - only free hormone can be metabolized - longer half-life

Question 52

What are the 3 sites of hormone metabolism?

Answer 52

- target cell - blood - liver

Question 53

Lipophilic hormones can be stored in _____ _____.

Answer 53

adipose tissue

Question 54

What are the two pathologies that keep hormone levels in balance?

Answer 54

- hyposecretion | - hypersecretion

Question 55

What is hyposecretion? Give an example.

Answer 55

- too little | - diabetes melitus type 1

Question 56

What is hypersecretion? Give and example.

Answer 56

- too much | - acromegaly

Question 57

What is antagonism?

Answer 57

effects of hormones oppose each other

Question 58

Give an example of antagonism.

Answer 58

- glucagon vs insulin - glucagon increases blood glucose levels - insulin decreases blood glucose levels

Question 59

What is additive?

Answer 59

net effect equal the sum of the individual effects

Question 60

What is synergism?

Answer 60

effects of 2 hormones favour each other but the net effect exceeds the sum of individual effects

Question 61

Give an example of synergism.

Answer 61

The effects of glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine on blood glucose

Question 62

What is permissiveness?

Answer 62

one hormone is needed for another to exert its effects

Question 63

Give examples of permissiveness.

Answer 63

- Thyroid hormones cause expression of beta adrenergic receptors in bronchiolar smooth muscle - Estrogen causes expression of progesterone receptors in the uterus