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PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I > Introduction to Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 levels of organization.

A
  • cell
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organ system
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2
Q

How many different cell types are there?

A

200

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3
Q

What are the 4 groups that cells can be classified into?

A
  • neurons
  • muscle cells
  • epithelial cells
  • connective tissue cells
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4
Q

What do neurons and nerve tissues do?

A
  • transmit signals for communication

- some neurons process information

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5
Q

How do neurons and nerve tissues perform their functions?

A
  • have branches to receive or transmit messages
  • receive information from receptors
  • transmit information to muscles and other organs
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6
Q

What do muscle cells do?

A
  • specialized to contract

- voluntary or involuntary

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle cells?

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
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8
Q

What is the epithelium?

A
  • sheet-like layer of cells

- lines external body surfaces and hollow organs or vessels

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9
Q

What is the interior epithelium called?

A

lumen

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10
Q

What is the function of the epithelium?

A
  • barrier

- transport membrane

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11
Q

What is formed from the epithelium?

A

glands

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12
Q

Describe and give examples of each of the major classes of glands.

A
  • exocrine glands: have ducts. ex. sweat, salivary

- endocrine glands: no ducts, hormone released into blood. ex. pituitary, adrenal

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13
Q

What is the most diverse of the 4 tissues?

A

connective tissue

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14
Q

Describe connective tissue.

A
  • characterized by an extracellular matrix
  • anchors and links structures of the body
  • ex. bone, tendons, fat, blood
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15
Q

Define organs.

A

at least two tissue types performing specific functions

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16
Q

Define organ systems.

A

collection of organs performing a particular task

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17
Q

Define external environment and give examples.

A
  • external side of the epithelial body barrier
  • ex. surroundings external to the skin
  • ex. air in the lungs
  • ex. food in the stomach
  • ex. urine in the bladder
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18
Q

Describe internal environment.

A
  • immediate environment of most cells

- includes tissue fluid and plasma

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19
Q

What is tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)?

A

fluid around all cells other than blood cells

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20
Q

What is plasma?

A

fluid around blood cells

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21
Q

Exchange of nutrients occurs from _____ –> ____ –> ____–> ______.

A

external environment to plasma to tissue fluid to cell

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22
Q

What goes in and what goes out of a cell?

A
  • nutrients and oxygen goes in

- wastes and unneeded material goes out

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23
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of exchange via blood exchange?

A
  • across the lungs
  • across gastrointestinal tract (absorption, secretion)
  • across kidneys (filtration, reabsorption, secretion)
24
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

25
Q

What are the 3 components of the internal environment that are regulated?

A
  • temperature
  • volume
  • composition
26
Q

Disruption of homeostasis is?

A

the basis for disease and death

27
Q

What is the regulated variable in homeostasis?

A

the aspect which is maintained

28
Q

Give examples of homeostasis.

A
  • speed of a car
  • blood glucose concentration
  • blood pH
  • plasma levels of sodium
29
Q

Define negative feedback.

A
  • if a regulated variable decreases, the system responds to make it increase, and vice versa
  • self-correcting
30
Q

Define and give examples of set point.

A
  • expected value of a regulated variable
  • ex. core body temperature = 37 degrees
  • ex. blood glucose (sugar) = Cdn fasting < 6.1 mmol/L
  • ex. blood pH = 7.4
31
Q

Define error signal.

A

difference between the value of the set point and the value of the regulated variable

32
Q

Give 4 examples of structures that enable homeostasis

A
  • receptors
  • integrating centres
  • effectors
  • signals
33
Q

What are receptors? Give examples.

A
  • sensors that detect stimuli
  • ex. thermoreceptors
  • ex. chemoreceptors
  • ex. baroreceptors
34
Q

What does the integrating centre do? Where are they found?

A
  • sets up an appropriate response

- many found in the brain

35
Q

What are effectors? Give examples.

A
  • responsible for body responses
  • ex. muscles (smooth, striated, cardiac)
  • ex. glands
36
Q

What are signals?

A
  • allow components to communicate

- signals are chemical messages or sent via neurons

37
Q

Input signal is from a ______ to an ______ ______.

A

from a receptor to an integrating centre

38
Q

Output signal is from an _____ ______ to an _____.

A

from an integrating centre to an effector

39
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

temperature balance of core body temperature

40
Q

What is normal temperature for humans? What is considered dangerous? Deadly?

A
  • normal: 37 degrees C
  • dangerous: >41 degrees C
  • deadly: >43 degrees C
41
Q

Define hypothermia and hyperthermia.

A
  • hypothermia: decrease in body temperature

- hyperthermia: increase in body temperature

42
Q

Name 4 mechanisms of heat transfer between the body and the external environment.

A
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • evaporation
  • convection
43
Q

Describe radiation.

A

thermal energy through electromagnetic waves

44
Q

Describe conduction.

A

thermal energy through contact

45
Q

Describe evaporation.

A
  • insensible water loss

- sweating

46
Q

Describe convection.

A

heat transfer by movement of fluid or air

47
Q

In the regulation of body temperature, what is the integrating centre?

A

thermoregulatory centre in hypothalamus

48
Q

In the regulation of body temperature, what are the receptors?

A
  • thermoreceptors
  • central: found in CNS (hypothalamus)
  • peripheral: found in PNS (mainly skin)
49
Q

In the regulation of body temperature, what are the effectors?

A
  • sweat glands

- muscles (smooth muscle of cutaneous blood vessels/skeletal)

50
Q

What is the thermo neutral zone?

A
  • environmental temperature range: 25-30 degrees C

- cutaneous blood flow changes enough to regulate body temperature

51
Q

What happens when body temperature increases?

A
  • cutaneous vasodilation

- increased blood flow to skin, causing heat loss

52
Q

What happens when body temperature decreases?

A
  • cutaneous vasoconstriction

- decreased blood flow to skin, causing heat retention

53
Q

Describe heat generation in a cold environment.

A
  • below 25 degrees C
  • core temperature cannot be maintained with vasoconstriction alone
  • heat generating mechanisms: shivering thermogenesis, non shivering thermogenesis (metabolism)
54
Q

Describe heat loss in a warm environment.

A
  • above >30 degrees C
  • core temperature cannot be maintained with vasodilation alone
  • sweat production from sweat glands
55
Q

How does a fever alter set point for thermoregulation?

A
  • rise in core body temperature
  • accompanies infection
  • white blood cells induce fever by chemical secretion
  • body temperature set point increases
  • fever enhances immune responses
56
Q

What is an example of something that alters set point for thermoregulation?

A
  • exercise disrupts homeostasis

- type of feedback mechanism:

PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I (14 decks)

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