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PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I > Endocrine System 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is responsible for hormonal regulation?

A
  • insulin

- glucagon

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2
Q

Insulin is the hormone of _____ _____.

A

absorptive state

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3
Q

Glucagon is the hormone of _____ _____.

A

postabsorptive state

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4
Q

Name 2 other less important regulators.

A
  • epinephrine

- sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

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5
Q

What happens during absorptive state?

A
  • Insulin secretion increases during absorptive state
  • Plasma concentrations increased (due to absorption) and movement (storage) into cells increases
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
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6
Q

What happens during postabsorptive state?

A
  • Secretion of insulin decreases during postabsorptive state
  • Glucagon, epinephrine secretion increases
  • Sympathetic nervous system activity
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7
Q

What are the actions of insulin?

A
  • anabolic: glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis
  • promotes glucose use for energy (increases glucose uptake by cells)
  • decreases catabolism
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8
Q

Describe the actions of glucagon.

A
  • Alpha cell secretion
  • Promotes breakdown of energy storage molecules (catabolic reactions) in postabsorptive state
  • Promotes glucose sparing for nervous system by diverting body cells to utilize other sources of energy
  • Antagonist of insulin
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9
Q

Generally describe the negative feedback control of blood glucose.

A
  • increased blood amino acids
  • increases insulin release
  • increases glucagon release
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10
Q

Where does increased blood amino acids come from?

A

high protein, low carb meals

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11
Q

What increases insulin release?

A
  • increased amino acid uptake

- increased glucose uptake

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12
Q

What increases glucagon release?

A
  • Low carb diet = low blood glucose

- more glucagon stimulated by amino acids

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13
Q

What does glucagon do?

A
  • counteracts insulin

- maintains proper blood glucose level

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14
Q

Name 3 effects of epinephrine and SNS activity on metabolism.

A
  • suppresses insulin release
  • stimulates glucagon release
  • characteristic of postabsorptive state
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15
Q

Decreased plasma glucose stimulates increased _____ _____.

A

epinephrine release

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16
Q

Increased epinephrine stimulates liver, causing what.

A
  • increased glycogenolysis

- increased gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

What is impaired in diabetes mellitus?

A

energy metabolism

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18
Q

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

insulin deficiency

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19
Q

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A
  • deficient insulin response

- reduced insulin sensitivity

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20
Q

What are the primary signs of diabetes mellitus?

A
  • hyperglycemia

- decreased insulin

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21
Q

Name 3 processes of hormonal regulation of growth.

A
  • increase number of cells
  • increase size of some cells
  • increase bone length and thickness
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22
Q

Name 5 hormones of growth.

A
  • GH (IGFs-insulin like growth factors)
  • insulin
  • thyroid hormones
  • sex hormones
  • growth factors and growth inhibiting factors (BDNF)
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23
Q

What does IGFs stand for?

A

insulin like growth factors

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24
Q

What does BDNF stand for?

A

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

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25
Q

What 2 things promote growth?

A
  • hypertrophy

- hyperplasia

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26
Q

Define hypertrophy.

A

increase in cell size

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27
Q

Define hyperplasia.

A

increase in cell number

28
Q

___ stimulates IGF release from the _____ and other cells (tropic).

A
  • GH

- liver

29
Q

Most effects of GH are through ____.

A

IGFs

30
Q

What are the 2 ways that IGFs have direct effect on target cells?

A
  • as hormones

- as panacrines

31
Q

What are panacrines?

A

impact cells nearby

32
Q

What is autocrine?

A

release from cell impacts that cell itself

33
Q

Name 7 factors that increase GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) release.

A
  • decreases in glucose
  • decreases in fatty acids
  • increases in amino acids
  • sleep
  • exercise
  • stress
  • circadian rhythm
34
Q

What are the effects of GH?

A
  • bone cells
  • formation of bone
  • width and length of bone increases
  • resorption of bone
35
Q

How is bone formed by GH?

A
  • osteoblasts lay down bone

- calcification

36
Q

How does the width and length of bone increase with GH in the pre-pubertal stage?

A
  • epiphyseal plates

- sex hormones

37
Q

How does the width and length of bone increase with GH in the post-pubertal stage?

A

bone remodelling

38
Q

What are the 3 cells in bone?

A
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
  • osteocytes
39
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

bone markers (deposition)

40
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

bone breakers (resorption)

41
Q

What are osteocytes? What do they do?

A
  • bone maintainers

- maintains surrounding bone

42
Q

An osteoblast becomes an _______.

A

osteocyte

43
Q

What happens in the resorption of bone?

A
  • osteoclasts secrete acid and enzymes
  • acid dissolves calcified bone
  • enzymes degrade bone
  • calcium and phosphate are released into blood
44
Q

What are 3 conditions that result from abnormal GH secretion?

A
  • dwarfism
  • gigantism
  • acromegaly
45
Q

What is dwarfism?

A

decreased GH secretion in children

46
Q

What is gigantism?

A

increased GH secretion in children

47
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

increased GH secretion in adults

48
Q

Name 4 other hormones (other than GH) that affect growth.

A
  • thyroid hormones
  • insulin
  • sex hormones
  • glucocorticoids
49
Q

How do thyroid hormones effect growth?

A
  • required for the synthesis of GH

- permissive for GH actions

50
Q

How does insulin effect growth?

A

permissie for GH actions

51
Q

How do sex hormones effect growth?

A
  • little role in childhood growth

- important for pubertal growth spurt

52
Q

How do glucocorticoids effect growth?

A

inhibits growth

53
Q

What do the follicular cells in the thyroid gland do?

A
  • synthesize hormones

- stores them until secreted

54
Q

What impact does iodine have?

A

causes the release of thyroid hormones through exocytosis

55
Q

What are the actions of thyroid hormones called?

A

calorigenic effect

56
Q

Calorigenic effect increases…

A
  • rate of Na+/K+ pump
  • number and size of mitochondria
  • oxidative phosphorylation enzymes
  • glycogenolysis, proteolysis, and lipolysis
  • gluconeogenesis and ketone synthesis
  • synthesis of β adrenergic receptors
57
Q

What does CRH stand for?

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

58
Q

CRH is released from …

A

hypothalamus

59
Q

What does CRH stimulate?

A

ACTH

60
Q

What does ACTH stand for?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

61
Q

ACTH is secreted from …

A

anterior pituitary (tropic hormone)

62
Q

What does ACTH stimulate?

A

cortisol synthesis from adrenal cortex

63
Q

What does cortisol do?

A
  • hormone of stress
  • mobilizes energy stores
  • suppresses immune response
64
Q

What is the term for what happens during stress response?

A

general adaptation syndrome (Hans Selye)

65
Q

What is general adaptation syndrome (Hans Selye)?

A
  • alarm: fight or flight (SNS)
  • resistance (PSNS)
  • exhaustion: stores of the body are depleted, susceptible
66
Q

What happens to hormones during stress response?

A
  • increased cortisol secretion
  • sympathetic activity
  • epinephrine secretion
  • ADH release
  • angiotensin II production
67
Q

What happens during fight or flight?

A
  • mobilization of energy stores

- maintaining blood pressure

PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I (14 decks)

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