Endocrine System 2

Question 1

What is responsible for hormonal regulation?

Answer 1

• insulin

- glucagon

Question 2

Insulin is the hormone of _____ _____.

Answer 2

absorptive state

Question 3

Glucagon is the hormone of _____ _____.

Answer 3

postabsorptive state

Question 4

Name 2 other less important regulators.

Answer 4

• epinephrine

- sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Question 5

What happens during absorptive state?

Answer 5

• Insulin secretion increases during absorptive state
• Plasma concentrations increased (due to absorption) and movement (storage) into cells increases
• Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 6

What happens during postabsorptive state?

Answer 6

• Secretion of insulin decreases during postabsorptive state
• Glucagon, epinephrine secretion increases
• Sympathetic nervous system activity

Question 7

What are the actions of insulin?

Answer 7

• anabolic: glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis
• promotes glucose use for energy (increases glucose uptake by cells)
• decreases catabolism

Question 8

Describe the actions of glucagon.

Answer 8

• Alpha cell secretion
• Promotes breakdown of energy storage molecules (catabolic reactions) in postabsorptive state
• Promotes glucose sparing for nervous system by diverting body cells to utilize other sources of energy
• Antagonist of insulin

Question 9

Generally describe the negative feedback control of blood glucose.

Answer 9

• increased blood amino acids
• increases insulin release
• increases glucagon release

Question 10

Where does increased blood amino acids come from?

Answer 10

high protein, low carb meals

Question 11

What increases insulin release?

Answer 11

• increased amino acid uptake

- increased glucose uptake

Question 12

What increases glucagon release?

Answer 12

• Low carb diet = low blood glucose

- more glucagon stimulated by amino acids

Question 13

What does glucagon do?

Answer 13

• counteracts insulin

- maintains proper blood glucose level

Question 14

Name 3 effects of epinephrine and SNS activity on metabolism.

Answer 14

• suppresses insulin release
• stimulates glucagon release
• characteristic of postabsorptive state

Question 15

Decreased plasma glucose stimulates increased _____ _____.

Answer 15

epinephrine release

Question 16

Increased epinephrine stimulates liver, causing what.

Answer 16

• increased glycogenolysis

- increased gluconeogenesis

Question 17

What is impaired in diabetes mellitus?

Answer 17

energy metabolism

Question 18

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 18

insulin deficiency

Question 19

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 19

• deficient insulin response

- reduced insulin sensitivity

Question 20

What are the primary signs of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 20

• hyperglycemia

- decreased insulin

Question 21

Name 3 processes of hormonal regulation of growth.

Answer 21

• increase number of cells
• increase size of some cells
• increase bone length and thickness

Question 22

Name 5 hormones of growth.

Answer 22

• GH (IGFs-insulin like growth factors)
• insulin
• thyroid hormones
• sex hormones
• growth factors and growth inhibiting factors (BDNF)

Question 23

What does IGFs stand for?

Answer 23

insulin like growth factors

Question 24

What does BDNF stand for?

Answer 24

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Question 25

What 2 things promote growth?

Answer 25

- hypertrophy | - hyperplasia

Question 26

Define hypertrophy.

Answer 26

increase in cell size

Question 27

Define hyperplasia.

Answer 27

increase in cell number

Question 28

___ stimulates IGF release from the _____ and other cells (tropic).

Answer 28

- GH | - liver

Question 29

Most effects of GH are through ____.

Answer 29

IGFs

Question 30

What are the 2 ways that IGFs have direct effect on target cells?

Answer 30

- as hormones | - as panacrines

Question 31

What are panacrines?

Answer 31

impact cells nearby

Question 32

What is autocrine?

Answer 32

release from cell impacts that cell itself

Question 33

Name 7 factors that increase GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) release.

Answer 33

- decreases in glucose - decreases in fatty acids - increases in amino acids - sleep - exercise - stress - circadian rhythm

Question 34

What are the effects of GH?

Answer 34

- bone cells - formation of bone - width and length of bone increases - resorption of bone

Question 35

How is bone formed by GH?

Answer 35

- osteoblasts lay down bone | - calcification

Question 36

How does the width and length of bone increase with GH in the pre-pubertal stage?

Answer 36

- epiphyseal plates | - sex hormones

Question 37

How does the width and length of bone increase with GH in the post-pubertal stage?

Answer 37

bone remodelling

Question 38

What are the 3 cells in bone?

Answer 38

- osteoblasts - osteoclasts - osteocytes

Question 39

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 39

bone markers (deposition)

Question 40

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 40

bone breakers (resorption)

Question 41

What are osteocytes? What do they do?

Answer 41

- bone maintainers | - maintains surrounding bone

Question 42

An osteoblast becomes an _______.

Answer 42

osteocyte

Question 43

What happens in the resorption of bone?

Answer 43

- osteoclasts secrete acid and enzymes - acid dissolves calcified bone - enzymes degrade bone - calcium and phosphate are released into blood

Question 44

What are 3 conditions that result from abnormal GH secretion?

Answer 44

- dwarfism - gigantism - acromegaly

Question 45

What is dwarfism?

Answer 45

decreased GH secretion in children

Question 46

What is gigantism?

Answer 46

increased GH secretion in children

Question 47

What is acromegaly?

Answer 47

increased GH secretion in adults

Question 48

Name 4 other hormones (other than GH) that affect growth.

Answer 48

- thyroid hormones - insulin - sex hormones - glucocorticoids

Question 49

How do thyroid hormones effect growth?

Answer 49

- required for the synthesis of GH | - permissive for GH actions

Question 50

How does insulin effect growth?

Answer 50

permissie for GH actions

Question 51

How do sex hormones effect growth?

Answer 51

- little role in childhood growth | - important for pubertal growth spurt

Question 52

How do glucocorticoids effect growth?

Answer 52

inhibits growth

Question 53

What do the follicular cells in the thyroid gland do?

Answer 53

- synthesize hormones | - stores them until secreted

Question 54

What impact does iodine have?

Answer 54

causes the release of thyroid hormones through exocytosis

Question 55

What are the actions of thyroid hormones called?

Answer 55

calorigenic effect

Question 56

Calorigenic effect increases...

Answer 56

- rate of Na+/K+ pump - number and size of mitochondria - oxidative phosphorylation enzymes - glycogenolysis, proteolysis, and lipolysis - gluconeogenesis and ketone synthesis - synthesis of β adrenergic receptors

Question 57

What does CRH stand for?

Answer 57

corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 58

CRH is released from ...

Answer 58

hypothalamus

Question 59

What does CRH stimulate?

Answer 59

ACTH

Question 60

What does ACTH stand for?

Answer 60

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 61

ACTH is secreted from ...

Answer 61

anterior pituitary (tropic hormone)

Question 62

What does ACTH stimulate?

Answer 62

cortisol synthesis from adrenal cortex

Question 63

What does cortisol do?

Answer 63

- hormone of stress - mobilizes energy stores - suppresses immune response

Question 64

What is the term for what happens during stress response?

Answer 64

general adaptation syndrome (Hans Selye)

Question 65

What is general adaptation syndrome (Hans Selye)?

Answer 65

- alarm: fight or flight (SNS) - resistance (PSNS) - exhaustion: stores of the body are depleted, susceptible

Question 66

What happens to hormones during stress response?

Answer 66

- increased cortisol secretion - sympathetic activity - epinephrine secretion - ADH release - angiotensin II production

Question 67

What happens during fight or flight?

Answer 67

- mobilization of energy stores | - maintaining blood pressure