Nerve and muscle

Question 1

What are the 2 classes in the PNS split into?

Answer 1

Autonomic> unconscious

Somatic> Conscious

Question 2

What is the Autonomic class in thr PNS split into>

Answer 2

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Question 3

Role of neurons

Answer 3

Rapid info transmission

Question 4

How are neurones classed?

Answer 4

Shape
size
function
neurotransmitter

Question 5

The 3 connective tissue layers of nerves

Answer 5

Epineurium> Nerve
Perineurium> Fascicle
Endoneurium> Nerve axons

Question 6

The 4 types of nuceli in grey matter

Answer 6

Somatic> External tissue
>Motor
>Sensory

Visceral> Internal
>Motor
>Sensory

Question 7

Myelination stain

Answer 7

Wiegerts stain

Question 8

The 4 Gilia cells of CNS

Answer 8

Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal
Microgilia
Astrocytes

Question 9

The 2 Gilia cells of the PNS

Answer 9

Satellite Cells

Schwann Cells

Question 10

Microglia function

Answer 10

Defence> Phagocytosis & Inflammation

Question 11

Astrocyte function

Answer 11

Metabolism
Glucose uptake
K clearance
Blood brain Barrier
Structural
Neuronal Growth
Neurotransmittor uptake

Question 12

Satellite cell function

Answer 12

Regulate external chemical environment

Sensitive > injury & inflammation

Question 13

Schwann cells function?

Answer 13

Myelination

Re growth

Question 14

2 classes of demyelination

Answer 14

Myelinoclastic

Leukodystrophia

Question 15

What is a Mesaxon?

Answer 15

Non myelinated neurones adjacent to schwann cells and surrounded by myelinated axons

Question 16

3 types of PNS neuropathy

Answer 16

Mononeuropathy
Mononeuritis
Polyneuropathy

Question 17

Myopathy disorders

Answer 17

Muscular dystrophies> gentics
Myotonia> neuro
Congential myopathies> genetic
Metabolic myopathies > Energy fprming within systems within muscles

Question 18

Give a neuromuscular junction disease

Answer 18

Myasthenia gravis

Question 19

Example of Radiculopathy

Answer 19

Nerve damage> herniated disc

Question 20

Sensory receptors: Muscle spindle

Answer 20

> Skeletal muscle
Stretch
Non- adapting

Question 21

Sensory Receptors: Free, endings unencapsulated

Answer 21

> Connective Tissue, joints, skins
Pain, touch, light, pressure
Flow/ fast adapting

Question 22

Pacinian Corpuscles

Answer 22

> Deep dermis tendons, joints, genitalia
Vibration, deep, pressure
Fast adapting

Question 23

Meissners/ krause bulb

Answer 23

> Oral Mucosa, lips, genitalia, fingertips
Touch, Vibratiom, light pressure
Rapid adapting

Question 24

Ruffini Organs

Answer 24

> Deep dermis, ligaments, joint capsules
Stretch, deep pressure
Very slow adapting

Question 25

Where are preganglionic cell bodies found?

Answer 25

In CNS

Question 26

Where are post ganglionic neurones found?

Answer 26

Autonomic ganglion | >innovates target tissue

Question 27

Parasympathetic characteristics

Answer 27

Look at mind map

Question 28

What are the 2 classification systems for measuring nerve conduction?

Answer 28

Erlanger- Gasser | Numerical

Question 29

3 types of neuropathies

Answer 29

>Monopathy >Mononeuritis Multiplex >Polyneuropathy

Question 30

3 types of recpetors based of their location

Answer 30

> Exteroceptors >Interoceptors >Proprioceptors

Question 31

Resting potential

Answer 31

-65mv

Question 32

Depolarisation

Answer 32

-65mv-----> +30mv

Question 33

Hyperpolarisation

Answer 33

Lower than -65mv

Question 34

What gradiets work on K+ and Na+

Answer 34

Concentration grad | Electrical grad

Question 35

What does nerst equation caculate?

Answer 35

Electrical potential of charged ions across mem

Question 36

What does nerst take into account?

Answer 36

Cell temp Conc> intracellular & extracellular (Calculated in log)

Question 37

Explain how positive feed back works in depolarisation

Answer 37

High Na+ conc> more activated gates> inc in Na+ conc

Question 38

What do proprioceptors respond to?

Answer 38

Joint position

Question 39

What do mechanorecptors respond to?

Answer 39

Stretch

Question 40

What is EPSS graded in?

Answer 40

Magnitude

Question 41

What does IPSP and EPSP not have?

Answer 41

Refractory period | Threshold

Question 42

What neurotransmitters causes Na+ channels to open?

Answer 42

Glutamate | Acetylcholine

Question 43

What neurotransmitters cause Cl- channels to open?

Answer 43

GABA | Glycine

Question 44

List the types of muscle Architecture

Answer 44

``` >Pennate (Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate) >Fusiform >Parallel >Convergent >Circular ```

Question 45

Describe layers of muscle

Answer 45

``` >Bone > Tendon >Muscle belly> Epimysium >Fascicles> Perimysium >Myofibres> Sarcolemma, endomysium, sarcoplasm >Myofibrils >Filaments ```

Question 46

What activity does the myosin heads have?

Answer 46

ATPase activiity

Question 47

What covers actin to present myosin binding?

Answer 47

Tropomyosin

Question 48

What complex undergoes a comformational change at Ca exposure and what is moved?

Answer 48

Troponin complex | Tropomyosin

Question 49

Why do twitches vary

Answer 49

Muscle fibres> size & contraction speed

Question 50

When does the contraction phase in a twitch end

Answer 50

When tension peak is reached | Tension = force

Question 51

What is the relaxation phase in a twitch?

Answer 51

Time between tension peak and relaxation

Question 52

Describe Type I fibres

Answer 52

``` >Slow >Fatigue resistant >Red> MB >Slow contraction >aerobic >Low power >Dense capillaries >Large [Mitochondria] ```

Question 53

Describe Type II a fibres

Answer 53

``` >Fast >Fatigue resistant >Red> MB >Large [mitochondria] >Quick contractions >Moderate power >Long term anaerobic ```

Question 54

Describe Type II b fibres

Answer 54

``` > White> low Mb> ATP in sarcoplasm >Fatigue easily >Low [Mitochondria] >fast contraction >High power >Short term anaerobic ```

Question 55

What occurs in tetanus

Answer 55

> Stimuli frequency so high> Ca2+ continues to rise | > peak level

Question 56

What is maximum tetanic tension?

Answer 56

>Max sustained tension

Question 57

What are the 2 muscle disorders? | How are they represented on an electromyography test?

Answer 57

``` Neuropathic trace >Muscle fibres not innovated >Areas of no AP from motor units >Remaining muscle compensates> high voltage Myopathic trace >Everything reduced >Less no. of muscle fibres ```

Question 58

What does a normal Electromyography show?

Answer 58

>Summation when forced applied >More motor units recruited >Thicker higher voltage

Question 59

Causes of muscle disorders

Answer 59

``` Injury/ overuse >Sprain/ strain >Tendinitis> Irritation & inflammation at tendon --- bone >Cramps Genetic >Muscular dystrophy >Metabolic defects> ATP Inflammation >Myositis >Polymalgria Neurological (nerve supply issue) >Multiple sclerosis >Myasthenia gravis >Parkinsons disease ```