Immunology

Question 1

where are macrophages found?

Answer 1

In the tissue

Question 2

What cells are involved in the lymphoid system?

Answer 2

NK
Lymphoids
B/ T Cells

Question 3

What do neutrophils produce

Answer 3

Oxidising toxins

Question 4

What cell from the myeloid system produces histamine

Answer 4

Mast cells

Question 5

Key first defence line components

Answer 5

Mechanical> Cilia, mucus, Skin flora, skin
Physiological> Fever, stomach acid
Chemical> Lysosomes, Interferons
Phagocytotic leukocytes
NK

Question 6

What occurs in the red and whit pulp of the spleen?

Answer 6

Red: erythrocytes removed
White: Leukocytes stimulated

Question 7

What is it called in somatic hyper mutation when an FAB region is naturally selected

Answer 7

+ ve selection

Question 8

How many segments are in each segment of the FAB region

Answer 8

Diversity : 23
Variable: 46
Joining: 6

Question 9

What are the two classes in the light chain of the FC region?

Answer 9

llamda

Kappa

Question 10

What disease causes hyperthyroidism due to over activation of the immune system?

Answer 10

Graves disease

Question 11

What antigens are found in primary infection of hep B?

Answer 11

Hep B surface antigen

Question 12

What antigens and antibodies are found in secondary infection of Heb B?

Answer 12

Hep B core antigen

Hep B core antibody AhcAB

Question 13

What mechanism ensures T cell receptor variability

Answer 13

VDJ recombination

Question 14

What binds to TH4 receptors in HIV

Answer 14

GP-120

Question 15

Pathogens with bacterial sugars

Answer 15

> Candida albicans> Yeast
HIV & Influenza> Virus
Salmonella & streptococci> bacteria
Leishmania> Parasite

Question 16

What accelerates break down on C3 in the alternative pathway?

Answer 16

Antigen contact
Properdin
Factor B

Question 17

Roles of anaphylatoxins

Answer 17

> Chemotractin for neutrophils

>Degranulatiuon

Question 18

2 phases of innate immune response

Answer 18

> Cellular response

>Hummoral

Question 19

How does our immune system combat a virus infection?

Answer 19

> Enveloped viruses> MAC
Hidden viruses> TNF, IFN-y, NK
Virus outside cell> opsonisation> C3b

Question 20

Process of phagocytosis

Answer 20

>Chemotaxis & Adherence 
>Ingestions
>Phagosome> (Phagosome + Lysosome = Phagolysosome)
>Digestion
>Residual body> Ingestible Material
>Discharge> waste product

Question 21

What activates macrophages primed state>

Answer 21

> IFN-y

Question 22

What activates expression of selectin on edothelium?

Answer 22

> IL-1

>TNF

Question 23

What activates expression of integrin on Neutrophil?

Answer 23

> C5a

>LPS

Question 24

Where are NK found?

Answer 24

> Blood, liver , spleen

Question 25

What mechanism does both neutrophils & NK follow?

Answer 25

>Double lock and key

Question 26

What occurs in an over TH1 repsonse?

Answer 26

Tuberculoid Leprosy

Question 27

What occurs in a over TH2 response?

Answer 27

Lepromatous Leprosy

Question 28

What does Eu-FEDS stand for?

Answer 28

Eutherian fetoembyronic defence system

Question 29

Give example of non specific auto immune disease and what it attacks>

Answer 29

Systemic Lupus Erthematosus | Cytosol and nucleus

Question 30

Give an example of a specific autoimmune disease and what it attacks

Answer 30

Crohns disease Diabetes 1 Thyroid

Question 31

Example of immunodeficiency

Answer 31

Genetic/ etology AIDS Congenital complement deficiencies

Question 32

What is TH 1 involved in?

Answer 32

Cell mediated response

Question 33

What is TH 2 involved in?

Answer 33

Hummoral resonse

Question 34

What do macrophages release to activate B cells?

Answer 34

INL 1 | Monokines

Question 35

What to cytokines activate?

Answer 35

T cells B cells Macrophages

Question 36

What T cell recognises MHC I? | What does this T cell go on to recognise?

Answer 36

T(CD8+)- cytotoxic | Recognises self> endogenous proteins

Question 37

What T cell recognises MHC II? | What does this T cell go on to recognise

Answer 37

T(CD4+)- Helper | Recognise non self> extracellular proteins

Question 38

What occurs without co stimulation? | What is it?

Answer 38

Anergy | Receptor unresponsive to all signals> temporary

Question 39

What occurs in positive selction

Answer 39

>T cells exposed to MHC + Antigen >Recognition of MHC I + Antigen> T (CD8+) cytotoxic >Recognition of MHC II + Antigen> T (CD4+) helper

Question 40

What occurs in negative selection?

Answer 40

>T c cells exposed to MHC I + Self >T h cells exposed to MHC II + Self >Recognition of self and immune response> killed

Question 41

Reasons negative response fails

Answer 41

> Anergy in co stimulation >CD 8+ T cell> attacks own cell >CD 4+ T cell> stimulates B plasma cell Ab production against own cells

Question 42

How are gametes not attacked as non self

Answer 42

>No MHC expression | >Hidden> Glycoproteins

Question 43

What is an autoimmune disease?

Answer 43

> Loss of self tolerance

Question 44

Examples of hypersensitivity

Answer 44

> Allergy | >Asthma