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Nephrology / Urology Flashcards

1
Q

Goldbblatt’s Kidney

A

Flea-Bitten (Ruptured capillaries from high BP)
Occlusion shunts pressure to contralateral kidney

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2
Q

PSGN

A

Sub-Epithelial humps of IgG / C3 / C4 Deposition
Lumpy on EM and ASO Abs
Common in children

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3
Q

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

A

Basement membrane spikes
Granular / Linear sub epithelial spikes and domes

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4
Q

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

A

Tram tracks
Type II has low C3 on light microscopy

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5
Q

Minimal Change disease

A

Fused foot processes
No renal failure

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6
Q

FSGS

A

Most common in drug users, Black people, Hispanics, HIV

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7
Q

Most common types of kidney stones

A

Calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate (square)

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8
Q

Coffin-Lid crystals

A

Triple phosphate (struvite) stones

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9
Q

Rosette Christal kidney stones

A

Uric Acid
Not visible on X ray
pH above 7

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10
Q

Hexagonal crystal kidney stones

A

Cysteine (defective aa transport)

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11
Q

Aniridia

A

Wilms tumor association

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12
Q

Iridocyclitis

A

Inflammation within eye
Associate with juvenile RA

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13
Q

Phimosis

A

Foreskin scarred at penis head

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14
Q

Urge incontinence

A

Urgency leads to complete voiding
Detrusor spasticity leading to small bladder volume

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15
Q

Stress incontinence

A

Weak pelvic floor muscles
Urinating when coughing, laughing, etc
Estrogen effect

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16
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Cannot completely empty bladder

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17
Q

WBC AND RBC casts in urine

A

Glomerulonephritis

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18
Q

Fat casts

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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19
Q

Waxy casts

A

Chronic Renal Failure

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20
Q

Tubular Casts

A

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

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21
Q

Muddy brown casts

A

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

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22
Q

Hyaline Casts

A

Normal sloughing

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23
Q

Epithelial casts

A

Normal sloughing

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24
Q

Measurements of afferent renal function

A

Creatinine or Inulin

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25
Q

Efferent renal function

A

BUN or PAH

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26
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Monitors pressure (JG cells - Renin)

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27
Q

Paraphymosis

A

Foreskin scarred at penis base
Foreskin will strangulate the glans

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28
Q

BUN:Cr greater than 20

A

Pre-renal failure

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29
Q

Macula Densa

A

Measures osmolality

30
Q

JG apparatus

A

Measures volume
Secretes renin

31
Q

Fanconi Syndrome

A

Tetracycline use
Produces urine phosphates, glucose, AAs

32
Q

Bartter’s Syndrome

A

JG cell hyperplasia: renin excess
NO increase in BP
Defect in kidney’s ability to reabsorb K+

33
Q

Hepatorenal syndrome

A

High urea from liver
Increased Glutaminase, Ammonia, GABA
Kidney shuts down

34
Q

RTA 1

A

Distal RTA
Broken H/K in collecting duct
High urine pH

35
Q

RTA 2

A

Proximal RTA
Bad Carbonic Anhydrase
Loss of all HCO3-

36
Q

IgA Nephropathies

A

HSP, Berger’s, Alport Syndrome

37
Q

Most common nephrotic disease in diabetics

A

Nodular sclerosis

38
Q

Nephrotic disease complication in CA

A

Usually Amyloidosis

39
Q

Drugs affecting the PCT

A

Acetazolamide
Mannitol

40
Q

Acetazolamide

A

CA inhibitor, also blocks HCO3- Reabsorption
Used for Glaucoma, Metabolic Alkalosis, altitude
AE: Metabolic acidosis, Ammonium, Sulfa allergy

41
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic, increases tubular fluid osmolarity
Used for shock, ODs, ICP (when the bleed stops)

42
Q

Loop drugs

A

Furosemide and Ethacrynic acid

43
Q

Furosemide

A

Na/k/2Cl- inhibitor in TAL
Excretes Ca+, releases PGE. Inhibited by NSAIDs
AE: Ototoxic, Hypokalemic, alkalosis, hyperuricemia

44
Q

Ethacrynic acid

A

Phenoxyacetic acid derivative, blocks Na/K/2Cl in TAL
AE: reversible ototoxicity, hypokalemia, alkalosis, hypoganesemia

45
Q

HCTZ

A

Blocks Na and Cl into DCT, increase Ca2+ reabsorption

46
Q

Spironolactone, Eplerenone

A

Competitive aldosterone receptor blocker in cortical CT
Feminizing

47
Q

Triamterene, Amiloride

A

Block Na channels in cortical collecting tubule
Amiloride causes increase in Ca2+ reabsorption (helps tx Ca kidney stones)
AE: Hyperkalemia

48
Q

Effects of NSAIDs on kidney

A

AIN
Constricts Afferent (into kidney) Arteriole

49
Q

Effects of ACEi on kidney

A

Dilates Efferent (leaving kidney) arteriole

50
Q

Effects of CCB on kidney

A

Dilates Afferent (into kidney) arteriole

51
Q

Parkland formula

A

4 x Surface area burns x Kg
Give half in first 8 hours, other have over the next

52
Q

Rule of 9’s for adults

A

Torso: 36 total
Arms: 9 each
Legs: 18 each
Head: 9 total
Genitals: 1

53
Q

Rule of 9s for children

A

Torso: 36 total
HEAD: 18
Arms: 9 each
LEGS: 14 each
Genitals: 1

54
Q

Treat hyponatremic patients

A

Mild (120-134): Stop Water
Mod (110-119): 0.9NS and Loop
Severe (below 110): 3% NaCl-

55
Q

BUN:Cr

A

Over 20 means pre-renal, volume issue

56
Q

PSGN Histo

A

Sub-EPIthelial deposits, Lumpy Bumpy EM
Granular (non-linear) IF

57
Q

Goodpasture Histo

A

Smooth (linear) on IF
Can develop RPGN

58
Q

RPGN Histo

A

Crescent (IgG/C3) on IF

59
Q

IgA Nephropathy Histo

A

Mesangial deposits (IgA/C3) on IF

60
Q

Membranoproliferative Histo

A

Tram Track, BM splitting on Silver Stain (LM)
Sub-ENDOthelial deposits on EM

61
Q

Membranous Glomerulonephritis Histo

A

BM Spikes on Siler Stain (LM)
Granular / Linear on IF
Sub-EPIthelial Spike-and-dome

62
Q

Minimal change disease histo

A

podocyte foot effacement on EM

63
Q

Amyloidosis Histo

A

Extracellular Pink Protein (Congo Red) LM
AB2 Amyloid on IF

64
Q

Nodular Glomerular Sclerosis Histo

A

Nodular sclerosis of glomeruli, Thick BM on LM
Hx of DM, kimmelstiel Wilson nodules, Christmas bells
Can progress to ESRD

65
Q

Small Kidney

A

Renal Artery Stenosis

66
Q

Large Kidneys

A

Polycystic kidney disease
Medullary Sponge Kidneys
Medullary Cystic Kidneys

67
Q

Death by adult polycystic kidney disease

A

SAH / Berry aneurism in PCA:
Blown pupil: CN3
Worst HA
Tx w/ Transplant

68
Q

Stress Incontenence

A

Associated with estrogen, coughing, sneezing
Tx w/ Kegles, pseudoephedrine

69
Q

Urge incontenence

A

Increased detrusor activity
Children: desmopressin
Adults: Oxybutynin

70
Q

Bartter Syndrome

A

mut NaK2Cl- transporter
No NaCl reabsorption in TAL (like a loop diuretic)
increased RAAS

71
Q

Gitelman syndrome

A

mut NaCl cotransporter
No NaCl reabsorption in DCT (Like a Thiazide)
Increased RAAS

72
Q

Liddle Syndrome

A

Defective ENaC in collecting tubule
HTN, low RAAS

Clues (14 decks)

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