Nephrology and Urology

Question 1

What Causes non-anion gap acidosis

Answer 1

Loss of HCO3 from the GI tract or kidney

Question 2

What causes Anion gap acidosis

Answer 2

Ketoacidosis

Lactic Acid

Question 3

What size stone can be passed from kidney?

Answer 3

5-6mm stone (otherwise, intervention is needed)

Question 4

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 4

M > F
RF: smoking
Hematuria = most common presentation

Question 5

FeNa <1%

Answer 5

Pre-renal cause

ie: volume depletion

Question 6

FeNa >2%

Answer 6

ATN (85%) ***muddy brown casts***
Interstitial Neprhitis (10-15%)

Question 7

What causes Acute tubular necrosis

Answer 7

Ischemia/Shock
Toxin Exposure
-contrast, ACEI, NSAIDs, aminoglycosides (-mycins), amphotericin-B, cyclosporine

Question 8

What causes Interstitial Nephtitis

Answer 8

Rx in >70%

-NSAID, PCN, sulfa drug, cephalosporin, phenytoin, allopurinol

Question 9

Contraindications to PD5 inhibitors

Answer 9

• nitrate use

- alpha blocker for BPH

Question 10

SE of PD5 inhibitors

Answer 10

Hypotension
Temporary color blindness
mild HA
flushing
priapism

Question 11

Testicular torsion PE

Answer 11

• loss of cremasteric reflex (doesn’t elevate w/ stroke of inner thigh)
• NEGATIVE phren sign (pain does not decrease w/ lifting)

Question 12

What dz processes have + phren sign

Answer 12

Epididymitis, orchitis

Question 13

Who gets a urine culture?

Answer 13

• recurrent infections
• pregnant women
• children
• men
• diabetics

Question 14

Bacterial cause of prostatitis

Answer 14

Depends on age of pt.
< 40 = gonorrhea or chlamydia
>40 = e. coli, pseudomonas&raquo_space; enterococci