Nephrology

Question 1

Urinary system functions

Answer 1

Excretion: eliminating waste and drug metabolites
Filtration: of creatinine
Controlling erythrocyte production: erythropoietin
Reabsorption
Controls BP, salt and hydration
Acid-base/ electrolyte regulation
Calcium regulation

Question 2

How is erythropoietin produced?

Answer 2

With hypoxia (leads to ↓ cardiac output) → kidney releases erythropoietin → stimulates the bone marrow → RBC production

Question 3

What causes azotemia?

Answer 3

↑ BUN or creatinine or both

Question 4

How does the Kidney control BP, salt and hydration

Answer 4

Na+/ H2O balance with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin, ADH) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 5

Paradoxyl Aciduria

Answer 5

From abomasal displacement → HCl builds up (blood) → metabolic alkalemia → body excretes K+ → body reabsorbs it and excretes hydrogen to maintain heart function → acidic urine in alkalemic state

Question 6

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 6

The nephron

Question 7

Blood work for kidney

Answer 7

RBC parameters. BUN, creatinine and phosphorus

Question 8

Urinalysis (SG)

Answer 8

Normal: 1.030 (dogs) and 1.035 (cats)
Isosthenuric: 1.007-1.013
Hyperstenuria: Normal, >1.013
Hypostenuria: Diabete insiputis

Question 9

Special testing

Answer 9

Symmetric Dimethyl Arginine (SDMA)
For early kidney screening and function
Detects renal dysfunction by ↓ 25%, needs to be hydrated

Question 10

Methods of urine collection

Answer 10

Cystocentesis (with or without ultrasound)
Catheterization
Micturition

Question 11

Neoplastic cells of the kidney

Answer 11

Transitional cell carcinoma
Large cells, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, prominent nucleoli, clumped chromatin, mitotic figures