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.systems based core clinical specialties > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

CS for animals with anemia

A

↑ RR/ effort and HR
Lethargy
Blood in the stool (melena, hematochezia)
Bleeding from nose or other location
Pale or yellow mm

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2
Q

Red blood cells

A

Lifespan: dogs 110-120 dys and 65-76 dys in cats
Carry O2 to the tissues
Dog: central pallor

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3
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin hormone released from kidney with low blood O2 → to blood stream to BM → makes RBCS →↑ O2 carrying capacity

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4
Q

_____________ and ___________ is an indicator of regeneration

A

Anisocytosis and Pokilocytosis

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5
Q

Blood loss anemia

A

Trauma, sx, hemorrhage
low PCV and total proteins

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6
Q

Anemia secondary to destruction

A

Intravascular hemolysis (immune mediated, RBC destroyed in BV)
Extravascular hemolysis (spleen)

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7
Q

Anemia secondary due to decreased production

A

BM disorder (neoplasia, toxin)

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8
Q

Mechanisms of anemia

A

Regenerative (reticulocytes) → hemolysis or hemorrhage
Noniregenerative → ↓ production
Pre-regenerative → 3-5 days to mount a regen response

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9
Q

CBC for anemia

A

Hematocrit (HCT)
PCV
RBC count

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10
Q

Abnormal or normal CBC values in different animals

A

Greyhounds (normal HCT is high)
Puppies/ pregnancy (Normal HCT is low)

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11
Q

What are the RBC indicies

A

MCHC: differences in the amount of Hb in RBCs (hyper,hypo or normochromic)
MCV: size of RBCs (macro, micro or normocytic)

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12
Q

Dx for anemia

A

Chemistry (electrolytes)
Urinalysis
Dx imaging (fluid in heart or lungs, mass)
Infectious dx testing
Coomb’s testing (Immune mediated)
BM aspiriate

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13
Q

External hemorrhage

A

Low RBC, total protein, and albumin
Evidence of loss

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14
Q

Internal hemorrhage

A

Low RBC, normal total protein and albumin
GI, urinary and 3rd space

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15
Q

Extravascular hemolysis

A

RBCs destroyed in the spleen or BM
Hb released and converts to BR
Yellow/ jaundice mm

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16
Q

Intravascular hemolysis

A

Direct RBC in circulation

17
Q

Disease that cause hemolysis

A

Intoxicants (snake and insect bites)
Oxidative injury (tylenol, onion, zinc)
Blood parasites (babesia, cytauzoon, mycoplasma)
Fragmentation of RBCs (neoplasia)
Low Phosphorus (diabetes)

18
Q

Mild non-regenerative anemias

A

Anemia of chronic disease/ inflamm
Kidney disease
Liver disease
Endocrine disease
GI/ pancreatitis

19
Q

Moderate to severe non-regenerative anemias

A

Infection (FeLV, FIV, tick borne)
Medications (chemo, phenobarb, ACEi)
Toxins (AL, alfatoxin)
Nutrient deficiencies
Aplasia, neoplasia of pure red cell aplasia in BM

20
Q

Transfusions

A

Lifesaving for low HCT/ PCV <15
Tx CS of tachycardia, tachypnea, lethargy, mental dullness

21
Q

Type and crossmatch

A

Possibly done before 1st transfusion in dogs
Always 2nd or later in dogs
ALWAYS type in cats

22
Q

Hemantics

A

Produces more RBCs
Cobalamin (B12)- RBC maturation in animals with GI disease
Folate (B9)- DNA and RNA synthesis in malabsorptive disease (chr. blood loss)
Iron

23
Q

Erythropoietin stimulation agents

A

Darbepoetin
Epoetin alfa

24
Q

Hookworms

A

LivIngestion and live in the SI
Dx: fecal flotation
Tx: fenben, moxidectin, pyrantel

25
Q

Hookworms producing anemia

A

Anemia secondary to blood sucking and bleeding ulcers
Low PCV and total proteins

26
Q

If total protein is low, what is the next step?

A

Blood transfusion

27
Q

Hemangiosarcoma

A

Tumor from vascular endothelial cells
↑ RR, collapse, lethargy, vomit, anorexia

28
Q

Dx of hemangiosarcoma

A

Schistocytes (blood cell fragements)
Regenerative or non regen anemia (hypoproteinemia)
Rads, US and sx biopsy*

29
Q

Tx of hemangiosarcoma

A

Cutaneous: sx removal
Cardiac: pericardiocentesis
Splenic: sx, chemo

30
Q

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

A

Lethargy and RBCs from complement or Igs (ruptured = intravascular)
↑ destruction of RBCs (CBC all ↓)

31
Q

IMHA dx

A

Slide agglutination test ( drop of blood, saline on slide, clumping means Abs around RBCs)

32
Q

What’s seen in IMHA CBC?

A

Anemia, spherocytes and leukocytosis

33
Q

IMHA tx

A

Transfusions
Immunosuppressive meds: steroids, cyclosporine, mycophenolate

33
Q

Important indicator of anemia secondary to oxidative damage

A

HBs: irreversible denatured Hb on the outside of RBCs (cats more susceptible)

33
Q

Anemia from chr. renal dz

A

Anemia (non-regen), ↓ erythropoietin and GI bleeding

33
Q

What causes oxidative damage of RBCs

A

Onion, garlic, zinc, Acetaminophen

.systems based core clinical specialties (27 decks)

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