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.systems based core clinical specialties > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrinology

A

Glands produce chemical messengers (hormones)
Hormones produced in one part of the body and travel to target organs via bloodstream

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2
Q

Positive feedback loops

A

Oxytocin @ parturition
Prolactin @ lactation

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3
Q

Negative feedback loops

A

Thyroid hormone
Progesterone
Estrogen
Cortisol

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4
Q

Significance of feedback loops

A

Help the body respond to changes in the body
Understand testing for endocrine diseases
Understand medications to treat endocrine diseases

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5
Q

Thyroid

A

Hypothalamus —> TRH —> pituitary —> TSH —> Thyroid glands —> T3 and T4 in the blood

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6
Q

What body systems does the thyroid affect?

A

HR
Temperature
Use of calories
Speed food moves through body
Managing skin cell replacement

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7
Q

What CS would you see in an animal with hyperthyroidism?

A

↑ HR, body temp and metabolism
Skin cell turnover (flaky, not groomed well)
Polyphasic, WL, vomiting

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8
Q

What can cause hyperthyroidism

A

Benign neoplasia
Hyperplasia (70% both lobes)

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9
Q

Dx testing for hyperthyroidism diseases

A

PE (palpate thyroid slip)
Routine blood work (CBC, chemistry, urinalysis)
Endocrine testing (total T4, free T4 by dialysis, TSH)
ECG (murmur with thickened heart wall)
Technetium scan

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10
Q

How is TSH produced in hyperthyroidism?

A

↓ because the body doesn’t need anymore produced (negative feedback)

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11
Q

CS of a dog with hypothyroidism

A

Lethargy and weight gain (slow metabolism)
Dull skin (with infections)
Bradycardia
Hypothermia

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12
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism

A

Lymphocytic infiltration of thyroid
Atrophy of thyroid
Congenital (rare)
Iatrogenic (cats)

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13
Q

Dx testing for hypothyroidism

A

PE
Routine bloodwork (CBC, chemistry, urinalysis)
Endocrine testing (total T4, free T4 by dialysis and ↑ TSH)

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14
Q

Tx if hyperthyroidism

A

Radioiondine treatment (lowers T levels with radioactive iodine)
Change diet
Methimazole
Sx

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15
Q

Tx of hypothyroidism

A

Supplementation: thyroxine (giving thyroid hormones daily)

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16
Q

Glucocorticoids action

A

Promotes gluconeogenesis
Suppresses immune response
Inhibits inflammatory response
↑ lipolysis, proteolysis and GFR

17
Q

Mineralcorticoids actions

A

↑ sodium reabsorption, potassium and hydrogen secretion

18
Q

Dx testing for hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)

A

PE (high BP, pot belly, thin skin)
Routine bloodwork (CBC, chemistry (high ALT and ALP)
Urinalysis (proteinuria)

19
Q

Endocrine test (for hyperadrenocorticism)

A

Screening test:
ACTH stimulation testing, urine cortisol creatinine, low dose dexamthasone suppression

20
Q

Differentiation between pituitary and adrenal hyperadrenocorticism

A

High dose dexmathasone suppression
Endogenous ACTH
Ultrasound (pituitary: both glands enlarged, adrenal: one gland enlarged)

21
Q

Tx of hyperadrenocorticism

A

Trilostane (enzyme inhibitor)
Lysodren (destroys adrenal cells)
Monitor with ACTH stimulation test

22
Q

Common CS for hypoadrenocorticism (addisons)

A

Lethargy, collapse and watery diarrhea
but could present for anything

23
Q

Dx testing for hypoadrenocorticism

A

PE
Routine bloodwork (CBC, lack of stress leukogram)
Chemistry (hyponatremia, hyperkalemia)
Urinalysis

24
Q

Endocrine testing for hypoadrenocorticism

A

Basal cortisol: <2 mcg/dl = additional testing needed —> ACTH stimulation test

25
Q

Two kinds of hypoadrenocorticism

A

Addison’s disease (both deficient , low Na and high K)
Atypical (normal electrolytes)

26
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism treatment

A

Emergency
Prednisone
DOCP (long acting for mineral, need to add steroid)
Fludrocortisone (mineral and steroid)

27
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumor of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
Catecholamine producing tumor

28
Q

Signs of Pheochromocytoma

A

Weakness (episodic)
Lethargy and collapse
Cardiac changes (tachycardiam hypertension, syncope)

29
Q

Dx and Tx of Pheochromocytoma

A

Adrenal mass, repeatable hypertension and urine Catecholamines
Tx with surgery

30
Q

Diabetes Type 1

A

Mostly in dogs
Pancreas not producing enough insulin

31
Q

Diabetes Type 2

A

Mostly in cats (chunky)
Body doesn’t detect or respond to insulin

32
Q

Dx testing for diabetes

A

PE
Routine bloodwork (CBC, chemistry)
Urinalysis

33
Q

Glucose levels (with diabetes)

A

Fasting glucose: >144 in dogs and >126 in cats

34
Q

Classic sign of type 2 diabetes in cats is_______ and in dogs is __________

A

Plantigrade stance
Cataracts

35
Q

Treatment for glucose

A

Insulin in dogs and cats
Weight loss diet in dogs and low carb diet in cats
Monitor treatment: glucose levels and clinical signs

.systems based core clinical specialties (27 decks)

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