Neoplasm Flashcards
What is a metastatic cancer
Cancers that would form in one place and would then move to another
What are the five steps of metastasis
Breaks through the matrix
Invasion
Transport
Movement to the organ or tissue
Colonisation
What are the stages I’m the cell invasion
Digestion of the matrix (by the Metalloproteinase enzymes - MMP)
The cell adhesion
The cell mobility
How would the cells attach to each other and the membrane
Each other - cadherins
The membrane - intergrins
Where would the cancer cells comes form
The epithelial lining of tissues
What is EMT
Epithelium to mesenchymal transition
The epithelial cells would move from the walls of the embryo to the centre
What is the transforming phenotype of the cancer cells
Change in the phenotype of the cells as they would become cancerous
- loss in the densit of the cell
- loss in the contractility of the cell
What does the MMP enzyme do
Breaks down the extracellular matrix
Zinc (cofactor) and calcium dependent
How would MMP be regulated
Transcription
The increase or the decrease would control the amount of the enzyme and then how much would be broken down
How does cell mobility occur
Lamellopods would be the edge of the cell
Attach to new and leave from old adhesion sites
Would use the actin and the myosin fibres and so would need GTP
What is needed for the cell mobility
RHO GTPase
Kinase enzymes and chain reactions allow the GTP to be made
What is the relation between intergins and MMP
Intergins can effect the transcription of the MMPs
Allows to increase
What are the mobility promoting factor s
Autotaxins
Insulin like growth factor 2
Hepatocyte growth factor
What are the transport paths
Blood
Lymphatics
Coelemic spaces
What are the Coelemic spaces
Spaces in the organs
What organs are mainly effected by the metastasis
Brain
Bone marrow
Liver
Lungs
Where would a metastasis from the prostate and/or breast go
Liver
Lungs
Bone
Brain
Where would a metastasis from the pancreas go
Liver
Lungs
Where would a metastasis from the colon go
Bone
Liver
Lungs
What is colonisation
The cancer would establish itself when survives
Micro metastases To macro metastases
When large amount of micro-metastases’ would have the higher chance of Cancer
What is the local effect of the malignant tumours
Effect the surrounding areas
Move to hollow or the obstructed areas
Move to the blood vessels, lymph’s and nerves
What is the local effect of the benign tumours
Compression on areas
Pressure atrophy if muscles or tissues
Altered organ function
Can also occupy the hollow or obstructed areas
What can haematological neoplasms cause
Anaemia (ulceration in the bone marrow)
Low white blood cell and platelets
Thrombosis (CARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS)
What can a neoplasm of the endocrine organs cause
Excessive secretion of hormones
Ectopic hormone secretion
(ACTH BY THE SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER)
What can the neuromuscular neoplasms cause
Sensory, balance and sensorimotor issues
Myopathy (weakness in muscles) and myasthenia (autoimmune tat causes the weakness)
Multifocal leucoencephalopathies (effecting the white brain matter)
What is the pleomorphism of the cancer
When you would have the irregular size and shape of the nuclei
What is the hyperchromasim of the cancer
Increased staining of the cancer
What is the difference between the invasive and insitu cancers
invasive woild move through the basement membrane of the cell the non-invasive would be on the membrane (would have the loss of stratification if would be on the epithelium)
What is a papilloma
Tumours that would have the finger like projections
What types of tumours would be papilloma
Transitional membrane Tumours
Squamous cell tumour
Basal layer tumours
What would grading show
The level of differenciation
What would be involved in the bloom-Richardson grading
- mitosis (how many mitosis divisions would there be)
- tubules (what is the % of tubules in the worst area)
- nuclear pleomorphism
What is a sarcoma
Malignant cancer other came from the mesenchymal tissues
(The connective tissue)
What is a carcinoma
Malignant tumour of the epithelium
What is the adenoma
Benign cancer from the glandular tissue
What is the definition of a neoplasm
The abnormal growth of the cells that would persist after the stimulus has been removed
What are the oncogenes
The mutated proto-oncogenes (from the point mutation)
Would cause the continuous abnormal cell growth
What test would be used to show that the neoplasms would be monoclonal (come from a single cell)
The x-linked G6PD enzyme
Would have Chromosome X inactivation
All the neoplastic cells would be maternal or paternal
What is a Leiomyoma
Cancer of the smooth muscle
What is the lipoma
Cancer of the adipose tissue
What is the chrondroma
The cancer of the cartilage
What types of tissue would be mesenchymal and so would be the SARCOMAS
Smooth muscle
Straited muscle
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Bone
Cartilage
Mesothelium
Synovium
What is a melanoma
Cancer of the skin (would show as pigmented areas)
What is a benign tumour of the epithelium called
The papilloma
(Would have the finger lime projections)
