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Tp2. Pathological Processes > Neoplasm > Flashcards

Neoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

What is a metastatic cancer

A

Cancers that would form in one place and would then move to another

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2
Q

What are the five steps of metastasis

A

Breaks through the matrix
Invasion
Transport
Movement to the organ or tissue
Colonisation

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3
Q

What are the stages I’m the cell invasion

A

Digestion of the matrix (by the Metalloproteinase enzymes - MMP)
The cell adhesion
The cell mobility

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4
Q

How would the cells attach to each other and the membrane

A

Each other - cadherins
The membrane - intergrins

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5
Q

Where would the cancer cells comes form

A

The epithelial lining of tissues

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6
Q

What is EMT

A

Epithelium to mesenchymal transition
The epithelial cells would move from the walls of the embryo to the centre

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7
Q

What is the transforming phenotype of the cancer cells

A

Change in the phenotype of the cells as they would become cancerous
- loss in the densit of the cell
- loss in the contractility of the cell

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8
Q

What does the MMP enzyme do

A

Breaks down the extracellular matrix
Zinc (cofactor) and calcium dependent

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9
Q

How would MMP be regulated

A

Transcription
The increase or the decrease would control the amount of the enzyme and then how much would be broken down

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10
Q

How does cell mobility occur

A

Lamellopods would be the edge of the cell
Attach to new and leave from old adhesion sites
Would use the actin and the myosin fibres and so would need GTP

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11
Q

What is needed for the cell mobility

A

RHO GTPase
Kinase enzymes and chain reactions allow the GTP to be made

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12
Q

What is the relation between intergins and MMP

A

Intergins can effect the transcription of the MMPs
Allows to increase

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13
Q

What are the mobility promoting factor s

A

Autotaxins
Insulin like growth factor 2
Hepatocyte growth factor

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14
Q

What are the transport paths

A

Blood
Lymphatics
Coelemic spaces

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15
Q

What are the Coelemic spaces

A

Spaces in the organs

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16
Q

What organs are mainly effected by the metastasis

A

Brain
Bone marrow
Liver
Lungs

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17
Q

Where would a metastasis from the prostate and/or breast go

A

Liver
Lungs
Bone
Brain

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18
Q

Where would a metastasis from the pancreas go

A

Liver
Lungs

19
Q

Where would a metastasis from the colon go

A

Bone
Liver
Lungs

20
Q

What is colonisation

A

The cancer would establish itself when survives
Micro metastases To macro metastases
When large amount of micro-metastases’ would have the higher chance of Cancer

21
Q

What is the local effect of the malignant tumours

A

Effect the surrounding areas
Move to hollow or the obstructed areas
Move to the blood vessels, lymph’s and nerves

22
Q

What is the local effect of the benign tumours

A

Compression on areas
Pressure atrophy if muscles or tissues
Altered organ function
Can also occupy the hollow or obstructed areas

23
Q

What can haematological neoplasms cause

A

Anaemia (ulceration in the bone marrow)
Low white blood cell and platelets
Thrombosis (CARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS)

24
Q

What can a neoplasm of the endocrine organs cause

A

Excessive secretion of hormones
Ectopic hormone secretion
(ACTH BY THE SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER)

25
Q

What can the neuromuscular neoplasms cause

A

Sensory, balance and sensorimotor issues
Myopathy (weakness in muscles) and myasthenia (autoimmune tat causes the weakness)
Multifocal leucoencephalopathies (effecting the white brain matter)

26
Q

What is the pleomorphism of the cancer

A

When you would have the irregular size and shape of the nuclei

27
Q

What is the hyperchromasim of the cancer

A

Increased staining of the cancer

28
Q

What is the difference between the invasive and insitu cancers

A

invasive woild move through the basement membrane of the cell the non-invasive would be on the membrane (would have the loss of stratification if would be on the epithelium)

29
Q

What is a papilloma

A

Tumours that would have the finger like projections

30
Q

What types of tumours would be papilloma

A

Transitional membrane Tumours
Squamous cell tumour
Basal layer tumours

31
Q

What would grading show

A

The level of differenciation

32
Q

What would be involved in the bloom-Richardson grading

A
  • mitosis (how many mitosis divisions would there be)
  • tubules (what is the % of tubules in the worst area)
  • nuclear pleomorphism
33
Q

What is a sarcoma

A

Malignant cancer other came from the mesenchymal tissues
(The connective tissue)

34
Q

What is a carcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of the epithelium

35
Q

What is the adenoma

A

Benign cancer from the glandular tissue

36
Q

What is the definition of a neoplasm

A

The abnormal growth of the cells that would persist after the stimulus has been removed

37
Q

What are the oncogenes

A

The mutated proto-oncogenes (from the point mutation)
Would cause the continuous abnormal cell growth

38
Q

What test would be used to show that the neoplasms would be monoclonal (come from a single cell)

A

The x-linked G6PD enzyme
Would have Chromosome X inactivation
All the neoplastic cells would be maternal or paternal

39
Q

What is a Leiomyoma

A

Cancer of the smooth muscle

40
Q

What is the lipoma

A

Cancer of the adipose tissue

41
Q

What is the chrondroma

A

The cancer of the cartilage

42
Q

What types of tissue would be mesenchymal and so would be the SARCOMAS

A

Smooth muscle
Straited muscle
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Bone
Cartilage
Mesothelium
Synovium

43
Q

What is a melanoma

A

Cancer of the skin (would show as pigmented areas)

44
Q

What is a benign tumour of the epithelium called

A

The papilloma
(Would have the finger lime projections)

Tp2. Pathological Processes (9 decks)

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