Embolism And Thrombus

Question 1

What is an embolism

Answer 1

When a thrombus breaks off and moves into the blood stream

Question 2

What is a thrombosis

Answer 2

When there would be a blood clot that would form in the vessels
This can happen in the veins or the artery’s
Normally would be from atherosclerosis

Question 3

What causes a thrombosis n the arteries

Answer 3

Damage to the endothelium
Aggregation of the platelets (von wilebrands factor and factor 8)
Formation of the clot containing red blood cells and fibrin

Question 4

What causes a thrombosis in the veins

Answer 4

Increase in the coagulative factors
Would then attract the red blood cells
Would have a clot
Some platelets and Fibrin present

Question 5

What is the appearance of a thrombus in the artery’s

Answer 5

Pale (platelets)
Low cell count
Lines of zayn (alternating patterns of red blood cells and platelets)

Question 6

What is the appearance of a thrombosis in the veins

Answer 6

Red
Gelatinous
High cell count (lots of red blood cells)
Soft

Question 7

What are the outcomes of a thrombus

Answer 7

Lysis
Proliferation
Organisation
Embolism
Recanalization

Question 8

What is the main type of embolism

Answer 8

pulmonary embolism
Thrombus breaks of in the systemic system, moves to the lungs

Question 9

What is a massive PE

Answer 9

When blocks 60% of the blood vessel

Question 10

What is a major PE

Answer 10

A medium sized PE
Leads to shortness of breath and chest pains

Question 11

What is a minor PE and what would happen if it is reoccurring

Answer 11

A small PE
Individual would normally be asymptomatic
Reoccurring would lead to hypertension

Question 12

What is a saddle PE

Answer 12

Embolism that would block the branch of the pulmonary artery’s

Question 13

What are the types of embolism

Answer 13

Fatty and bone marrow
Amniotic fluid
Paradoxical
Gas or air
Atheroma

Question 14

What is a paradoxical embolism

Answer 14

Comes when would have a septal defect
Small PE so would move through the lungs but goes to the heart
Defect means moves to the left side and through the aorta

Question 15

What is an atheroma embolism

Answer 15

From atherosclerosis
Fatty deposits released from endothelium rupture
Released to the blood stream

Question 16

What is a bone marrow embolism

Answer 16

Damage to the bone
Bone marrow contents would then leak outwards
Can then go the blood stream and lead to a blockage

Question 17

What is an amniotic fluid embolism

Answer 17

Increased pressure during labour can push amniotic fluid into the maternal systemic circulation
Squamous, fetal cells and amniotic fluid would be in the vessels and would lead to the embolism

Question 18

What is a gas embolism

Answer 18

Gas bubbles or air from things like IV pumps
Gas would not dissolve in the blood (most likely when nitric oxide)
Cause the blockage of the blood flow
Especially bad when happens in the brain

Question 19

How would you treat an embolism

Answer 19

Aspirins
Warfarins
Heparin
Filters (umbrella structures that would stop the embolism from moving around the body)

Question 20

What are the predisposing factors that would cause an embolism

Answer 20

Smoking
Pregnancy
Age (slow progressing condition)
Surgery (especially on the lower limbs, causing damage to the vessels)
Burns (damage to the endothelium lining)
Oral contraceptives

Question 21

What is deep vein thrombosis?

Answer 21

Thrombus (clot) in the deep veins leads to a blockage
Veins ‘pool’ as blood is under high pressure and would be diverted to the other veins
Congestion
Odema (fluid accumulation)

Question 22

What are the effects of an arterial thrombosis

Answer 22

Ischemia
Infarction
Gangrene
(All would depend on the location of the embolism)

Question 23

What is Virchows triad for thrombosis formation

Answer 23

Change in the blood flow (more turbulence)

The changes in the endothelium lining (more damaged, that would then allow the platelets to aggregate via VwF)

Change in the blood components (the platelets and the red blood cells)

Question 24

What can lead to a deep vein thrombosis

Answer 24

Immobility
Bed rest
Post-operative
Oral contraceptives
Severe burns
Pregnancy and post-Partum

Question 25

What is lysis of the embolism

Answer 25

Depends to the action of plasmin (fibrolysis)
Small embolism
Would have the break down

Question 26

What is organisation of the thrombosis

Answer 26

When would have the fibrous tissue, capillary’s and the collagen in the blood vessel
Would be like the granulation tissue

Question 27

What is recanulisation of the thrombus

Answer 27

Would have the new blood vessels come together
Soon could have blood flow through

Question 28

What is an embolism

Answer 28

When the thrombus would break off (normally from the turbulent blood flow)
Embolism can travel (PE, strokes, to the heart)

Question 29

What is propagation of the thrombosis

Answer 29

Stagnant blood flow
Progressive spread of the thrombus
(Many new thrombosis formed)

Question 30

What forms the thrombus in the artery’s

Answer 30

Arterial atherosclerotic plaque
Damage to the endothelium
The platelet aggregation and clot formed

Question 31

What mainly form the thrombus in the veins

Answer 31

Stagnant blood flow
Build of the coagulation factors
Red blood cells come
Some fibrin (for clot)

Question 32

What are the steps in the thrombus formation

Answer 32

Atheroma
Turbulent flow
Damage to the endothelium (ulceration)
Platelet aggregation (released VWF)
Thrombus formed

Question 33

What leads to the aggregation of the platelets for the atherosclerotic plaques

Answer 33

von willebrands factor
Factor 8