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Y3- I & W > neoplasia > Flashcards

neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what does benign mean

A

features suggesting indolent behaviour

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2
Q

what does malignant mean

A

cancer-potential to metastasise

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3
Q

what can malignant split up into

A

primary

secondary

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4
Q

what is the only oral screening usually a pt will get

A

soft tissue exam

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5
Q

what can the external exam flag up

A

malignancies

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6
Q

what do we need to consider about neoplasia and the GDP

A

Past medical history
Cancer treatments can impact dental management
Risk of radiation and osteonecrosis of the Jaw
Getting pt ready for chemotherapy

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7
Q

what does neoplasia mean

A

GREEK WORD FOR GROWTH

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8
Q

what does neoplasm mean

A

A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after initialising stimulus removal
it is a genetic disease –> cells accumulate genetic alterations which is passed down and is then unregulated proliferation

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9
Q

how does carcinogenesis occur

A 
→ Self sufficiency in growth signals 
	→ Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals 
	→ Altered cellular metabolism 
	→ Avoid apoptosis 
	→ Limitless replicative potential 
	→ Sustained angiogenesis 
	→ Ability to invade/ metastasize
Ability to evade host immune response
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10
Q

what are the components of tumours

A

Tumour epithelial cells

Tumour associated stroma

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11
Q

what causes cancer

A 
→ Complex and multifactorial 
	→ Radiation exposure 
	→ Pathogens - HPV, hep B, EBV, HEP C , H PYLORI 
	→ Genetic predisposition 
	→ Age 
Obesity
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12
Q

what else is a factor involved in cancer

A

older age

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13
Q

what cancers are found in children

A

acute leukemias

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14
Q

define obesity

A

as a BMI over 30

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15
Q

how can obesity cause cancer

A

XS aft leads to increase in hormones and GF which increases cell division

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16
Q

what are the characteristics of neoplasia

A

→ Differentiation
→ Rate of growth
→ Local invasion
→ Metastasis

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17
Q

what are the features of neoplasia

A

→ Nuclear pleomorphism
Variability in nuclear size/shape

→ Abnormal nuclear features  High nuclear: cytoplasm ratio Clumped chromatin 
	→ Increased mitotic activity 
	→ Loss of cellular polarity 
	→ Tumour giant cells 
	→ Necrosis 
Haemorrhage
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18
Q

what are the different types of differentiation

A

well differentiated
poorly differentiated
undifferentiated

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19
Q

what is a well differentiated neoplastic tissue

A

Closely resemble normal tissue origin
Little or no evidence of anaplasia
Benign and occasional malignant

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20
Q

what is poorly differentiated neoplastic tissue

A

Little resemblance to tissue of origin

Highly anaplastic

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21
Q

what is undifferentiated neoplastic tissue

A

Cannot be identified by morphology alone

Molecular techniques

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22
Q

how do we classify tumours

A

the name of the tumour

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23
Q

how do we grade the tumours

A

Closely related to differentiation
Well differentiated= grade 1 low grade
Moderately differentiated= grade 2
Poorly differentiated= grade 3

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24
Q

what is the extent of the tumours

A

Extent of spread of a tumour

The lower the number the better for the patient

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25
Q

define metplasia

A

Is the change in phenotype of differentiated cells often in response to chronic change

26
Q

define hypertrophy

A

Increased cell and thus organ size often in response to increased workload

27
Q

define hyperplasia

A

Increased cell numbers in response to stimulus

28
Q

define dysplasia

A

Describe confined neoplastic change

Not malignant as it is confined within the basement membrane

29
Q

what is carcinoma in situ

A

Full thickness of the epithelium

Basement membrane of the dysplastic epithelium - dysplasia does not always lead to invasive malignancy

30
Q

is carcinoma in situ malignant

A

no

31
Q

what does the rate of growth correlate with

A

with the level of differentiation
The higher the grade the faster the growth in malignant tumours
Benign are slower growing

32
Q

what is the features of rapid growth

A

Mitosis
Necrosis
Ulceration

33
Q

how do benign tumours act

A

→ Cohesive
→ Localised
→ Cannot invade or metastasise
→ Grow and expand SLOWLY

34
Q

how do malignant tumours act

A

→ Invasive
→ Metastasize
Grow rapidly

35
Q

what is the growth rate of benign tumours

A

SLOW

36
Q

What is the mitotic activity if benign

A

low

37
Q

what is the differentiation of benign tumours

A

well

38
Q

what is the nuclear morphology of benign tumours

A

normal

39
Q

does benign tumours become necrosised

A

rare

40
Q

do benign tumours ulcerate

A

rare

41
Q

how do we classify tumours

A

Benign/ malignant

Also by histiogenic origin

42
Q

how do we classify tumours according to histogenic classification

A

epithelial

non epithelial

43
Q

define epithelial tumours

A

Squamous epithelium lines the oral cavity and skin

The respiratory tract is broadly columnar

44
Q

what is non epithelial tumours divided into

A

Mesenchymal
Haematopoietic
Germ cell
Etc

45
Q

what suffix do benign epithelilal tumours that are non glandular and non secretory epithelium have

A

oma

46
Q

what suffix do benign tumours of glandular and secretory epithelium

A

ADENOMA

47
Q

what are tumours called if they are malignant and from the epitheloum

A

carcinoma

48
Q

what are tumours called if they are glandular in origin

A

they are adeno carcinomas

49
Q

what are salivary gland glandular tumours called

A

adenomas

50
Q

what suffix do benign mesenchymal tumours have

A

OMA

preceded by the tissue of origin

51
Q

what is the prefix for smooth muscle

A

leiomyo

52
Q

what is the prefix for skeletal muscle

A

rhabdomyo

53
Q

what is the prefix for adipose

A

lipo

54
Q

what is the prefix for BV

A

angio

55
Q

what is the prefix for bone

A

osteo

56
Q

what is the prefix for cartilage

A

chonro

57
Q

what is a teratoma

A

germ cell origin

containing the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

58
Q

what is a hamartoma

A

Non neoplastic disordered growth of normal tissue

Indigenous to the site of occurrence

59
Q

what is a choristoma

A

Benign normal tissue but seen in abnormal location

60
Q

where can benign teratomas be seen

A

in teeth and hair

Y3- I & W (21 decks)

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