neoplasia

Question 1

what does benign mean

Answer 1

features suggesting indolent behaviour

Question 2

what does malignant mean

Answer 2

cancer-potential to metastasise

Question 3

what can malignant split up into

Answer 3

primary

secondary

Question 4

what is the only oral screening usually a pt will get

Answer 4

soft tissue exam

Question 5

what can the external exam flag up

Answer 5

malignancies

Question 6

what do we need to consider about neoplasia and the GDP

Answer 6

Past medical history
Cancer treatments can impact dental management
Risk of radiation and osteonecrosis of the Jaw
Getting pt ready for chemotherapy

Question 7

what does neoplasia mean

Answer 7

GREEK WORD FOR GROWTH

Question 8

what does neoplasm mean

Answer 8

A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after initialising stimulus removal
it is a genetic disease –> cells accumulate genetic alterations which is passed down and is then unregulated proliferation

Question 9

how does carcinogenesis occur

Answer 9

→ Self sufficiency in growth signals 
	→ Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals 
	→ Altered cellular metabolism 
	→ Avoid apoptosis 
	→ Limitless replicative potential 
	→ Sustained angiogenesis 
	→ Ability to invade/ metastasize
Ability to evade host immune response

Question 10

what are the components of tumours

Answer 10

Tumour epithelial cells

Tumour associated stroma

Question 11

what causes cancer

Answer 11

→ Complex and multifactorial 
	→ Radiation exposure 
	→ Pathogens - HPV, hep B, EBV, HEP C , H PYLORI 
	→ Genetic predisposition 
	→ Age 
Obesity

Question 12

what else is a factor involved in cancer

Answer 12

older age

Question 13

what cancers are found in children

Answer 13

acute leukemias

Question 14

define obesity

Answer 14

as a BMI over 30

Question 15

how can obesity cause cancer

Answer 15

XS aft leads to increase in hormones and GF which increases cell division

Question 16

what are the characteristics of neoplasia

Answer 16

→ Differentiation
→ Rate of growth
→ Local invasion
→ Metastasis

Question 17

what are the features of neoplasia

Answer 17

→ Nuclear pleomorphism
Variability in nuclear size/shape

→ Abnormal nuclear features  High nuclear: cytoplasm ratio Clumped chromatin 

	→ Increased mitotic activity 
	→ Loss of cellular polarity 
	→ Tumour giant cells 
	→ Necrosis 
Haemorrhage

Question 18

what are the different types of differentiation

Answer 18

well differentiated
poorly differentiated
undifferentiated

Question 19

what is a well differentiated neoplastic tissue

Answer 19

Closely resemble normal tissue origin
Little or no evidence of anaplasia
Benign and occasional malignant

Question 20

what is poorly differentiated neoplastic tissue

Answer 20

Little resemblance to tissue of origin

Highly anaplastic

Question 21

what is undifferentiated neoplastic tissue

Answer 21

Cannot be identified by morphology alone

Molecular techniques

Question 22

how do we classify tumours

Answer 22

the name of the tumour

Question 23

how do we grade the tumours

Answer 23

Closely related to differentiation
Well differentiated= grade 1 low grade
Moderately differentiated= grade 2
Poorly differentiated= grade 3

Question 24

what is the extent of the tumours

Answer 24

Extent of spread of a tumour

The lower the number the better for the patient

Question 25

define metplasia

Answer 25

Is the change in phenotype of differentiated cells often in response to chronic change

Question 26

define hypertrophy

Answer 26

Increased cell and thus organ size often in response to increased workload

Question 27

define hyperplasia

Answer 27

Increased cell numbers in response to stimulus

Question 28

define dysplasia

Answer 28

Describe confined neoplastic change | Not malignant as it is confined within the basement membrane

Question 29

what is carcinoma in situ

Answer 29

Full thickness of the epithelium | Basement membrane of the dysplastic epithelium - dysplasia does not always lead to invasive malignancy

Question 30

is carcinoma in situ malignant

Answer 30

no

Question 31

what does the rate of growth correlate with

Answer 31

with the level of differentiation The higher the grade the faster the growth in malignant tumours Benign are slower growing

Question 32

what is the features of rapid growth

Answer 32

Mitosis Necrosis Ulceration

Question 33

how do benign tumours act

Answer 33

→ Cohesive → Localised → Cannot invade or metastasise → Grow and expand SLOWLY

Question 34

how do malignant tumours act

Answer 34

→ Invasive → Metastasize Grow rapidly

Question 35

what is the growth rate of benign tumours

Answer 35

SLOW

Question 36

What is the mitotic activity if benign

Answer 36

low

Question 37

what is the differentiation of benign tumours

Answer 37

well

Question 38

what is the nuclear morphology of benign tumours

Answer 38

normal

Question 39

does benign tumours become necrosised

Answer 39

rare

Question 40

do benign tumours ulcerate

Answer 40

rare

Question 41

how do we classify tumours

Answer 41

Benign/ malignant | Also by histiogenic origin

Question 42

how do we classify tumours according to histogenic classification

Answer 42

epithelial | non epithelial

Question 43

define epithelial tumours

Answer 43

Squamous epithelium lines the oral cavity and skin | The respiratory tract is broadly columnar

Question 44

what is non epithelial tumours divided into

Answer 44

Mesenchymal Haematopoietic Germ cell Etc

Question 45

what suffix do benign epithelilal tumours that are non glandular and non secretory epithelium have

Answer 45

oma

Question 46

what suffix do benign tumours of glandular and secretory epithelium

Answer 46

ADENOMA

Question 47

what are tumours called if they are malignant and from the epitheloum

Answer 47

carcinoma

Question 48

what are tumours called if they are glandular in origin

Answer 48

they are adeno carcinomas

Question 49

what are salivary gland glandular tumours called

Answer 49

adenomas

Question 50

what suffix do benign mesenchymal tumours have

Answer 50

OMA | preceded by the tissue of origin

Question 51

what is the prefix for smooth muscle

Answer 51

leiomyo

Question 52

what is the prefix for skeletal muscle

Answer 52

rhabdomyo

Question 53

what is the prefix for adipose

Answer 53

lipo

Question 54

what is the prefix for BV

Answer 54

angio

Question 55

what is the prefix for bone

Answer 55

osteo

Question 56

what is the prefix for cartilage

Answer 56

chonro

Question 57

what is a teratoma

Answer 57

germ cell origin | containing the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

Question 58

what is a hamartoma

Answer 58

Non neoplastic disordered growth of normal tissue | Indigenous to the site of occurrence

Question 59

what is a choristoma

Answer 59

Benign normal tissue but seen in abnormal location

Question 60

where can benign teratomas be seen

Answer 60

in teeth and hair