immunisation Flashcards
what are some innate barriers against infection
Temperature
ph
Chemical
Anatomical barriers
what are some cellular barriers against infection
common pathogen molecular signals such as Toll like receptors
what do eosinophils protect against
parasites
what do neutrophils protect against
bacteria and fungi
what does immunisation mean
conferring immunity by artificial means
define passive immunity
using antibodies derived from another host
describe active immunity
modified, killed pathogens or their products presented in a way that stimulated an immune response
describe passive immunity
Short lived
No memory
Often modify rather than prevent infection
Used during incubation period by limited Extracellular spread by neutralisation
what are adjuvants
Agents which modify the effect of others
give examples of adjuvants
freunds and aluminum hydroxide
what do adjuvants do
They improve the antibody response to antigens- translocate antigens to lymph nodes, prolong delivery and stimulate local inflammation
describe conjugated vaccines
Polysaccharide vaccines are poorly immunogenic particularly in young children
Covalently linking these to a hapten they become t dependant antigens
give examples of conjugated vaccines
Use modified diphtheria toxin or tetanus toxin
what is vaccine efficacy
We want the vaccine to prevent disease not necessarily prevent infection
what dies eradication of the disease depend up on
→ Ability to prevent infection
→ Efficacy of vaccine
Infectivity of organism
