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Y3- I & W > micro- antimicrobial agents > Flashcards

micro- antimicrobial agents Flashcards

1
Q

definition of an antibiotic

A

the products of microbes that in dilute solution inhibit or kill organisms

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2
Q

what might we do to naturally occurring antibiotics

A

we may modify them to give synthetic derivatives

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3
Q

define antimicrobial agents

A

include antibiotics and synthetic compounds that have the same effect

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4
Q

what are the two types of antibiotics

A

bacteriostatic

bacteriocidal

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5
Q

what does bacteriostatic mean

A

inhibit microbes so growth stops

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6
Q

what does bacteriocidal mean

A

kill microbes

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7
Q

give an example of a bacteriocidal antibiotic

A

gentamicin

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8
Q

give an example of a bacteriostatic antibiotic

A

chloramphenicol

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9
Q

how do we determine which drug is used to treat which bacteria

A

susceptibility testing
using isolated bacteria- different drug discs

epsilon testing

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10
Q

what do we look for when susceptibility testing and epsilon testing

A

the largest zone of inhibition

and also if there is any mutant species as there is no zone of inhibition

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11
Q

define minimum inhibitory conc

A

Lowest conc of antibiotic that prevents visible growth of a particular bacterium

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12
Q

define minimum bactericidal conc

A

Lowest conc of antibiotic that kills a specific bacterium

determined using dilution methods

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13
Q

what is the issue with dilution methods

A

time consuming- as need to make the correct dilution factor

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14
Q

what is selective toxicity

A

the idea that bacteria have a different metabolism than humans and therefore the antibiotics will act on bacteria but not humans

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15
Q

what is the issue with selective toxicity

A

doesn’t always work eg
a penicillin allergy is due to the thiazolidine ring
but the B lactam ring also in penicillin is the thing that gives the antibiotic activity

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16
Q

which microbes metabolism is most similar to humans

A

fungi and protozoa

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17
Q

why can we not use antibiotics on a virus

A

as a virus relies completely on the human host cell to replicate

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18
Q

what is the main issue with antiviral, anti fungal and anti protists drugs

A

more limited in their scope and more toxic to humans

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19
Q

what are some key points in the HIV virus replication cycle

A
  1. Entry
    1. Uncoating
    2. Reverse transcription
    3. Integration
    4. Protease inhibition
    5. Virus replication and assembly
      Virus release
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20
Q

what does antisense RNA do

A

used to inhibit transcription factors

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21
Q

describe antisense RNA

A

short sequence of RNA that compromises the reverse of an MRNA
therefore binds to the MRNA and prevents translation

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22
Q

what treatment and infection is given for influenza A

A

amantadine

rimantadine

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23
Q

what is amantadine and rimantadine used for

A

the treatment and prevention fo influenza A

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24
Q

how does amantadine and rimantadine work

A

by targeting entry and uncoating steps

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25
Q

how does acilovir work

A

a nucleoside analogue that treats herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus

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26
Q

what antimicrobial agent treats herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus

A

acilovir

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27
Q

what is gancylovir

A

derivative of acilovir

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28
Q

what tx is against cytomegalovirus

A

gancylovir

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29
Q

what is ribavirin against

A

broad spectrum to treat respiratory syncytial virus

30
Q

which tx is for respiratory syncytial virus

A

ribavirin

31
Q

describe zidovudine and lamivudine

A

reverse transcriptase inhibitors

32
Q

give examples of some reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A

zidovudine

lamivudine

33
Q

describe nelfinavir

A

is a protease inhibitor that can hydrolyse polyproteins produced by viruses

34
Q

give an example of a protease inhibitor

A

nelfinavir

35
Q

what does HAART stand for

A

highly active antiretroviral therapy

36
Q

what is HAART used for

A

pts with aids

37
Q

describe tamiflu and relenza

A

neuraminidase inhibitors

38
Q

what do neuraminidase inhibitors do

A

prevent the release of viruses from infected cells

39
Q

give examples of anti fungal agents

A

nystatin

40
Q

what is nystatin used for

A

oral and genital candida infections

41
Q

what are polyenes

A

act by binding with sterols in eukaryotic membranes causing destabilisation

42
Q

what is the issue for amphotericin B

A

potentially toxic to humans
given with a second anti fungal/suspension
administered with 5- flucytosine

43
Q

describe 5 flucytosine

A

Synthetic pyrimidine that is metabolised in fungi to 5 fluorouracil and active against pathogenic yeasts

It interferes with the synthesis of nucleic acids

44
Q

describe the azole group

A

large group that inhibit ergosterol synthesis leading to membrane leakage

45
Q

what are the two groups of azaleas

A

imidazoles

triazoles

46
Q

give examples of imidazole

A

micronazole

chotrimazole

47
Q

what is the issue with micronazole

A

too toxic to use systemically but can be used topical

48
Q

give examples of triazoles

A

flucanazole, itraconaole

49
Q

which antifungal agent is used against yeast

A

flucanazole

50
Q

what is fluconazole used for

A

yeast infections

51
Q

what is terbinafine used for

A

used for skin and nail infections

52
Q

what tx can be used for skin and nail infections

A

terbinafine

53
Q

what is griseofulvin

A

a true antibiotic used for ringworm and other fungal infections of skin and nails

54
Q

what tx can be used for ringworm or skin and nail infection

A

griseofulvin

55
Q

give some examples of antiprotist agents

A

chloroquine

mefloquine

56
Q

how does metronidazole work

A

targets DNA and membrane integrity

57
Q

what does metronidazole treat

A

anaerobic bacteria

T vaginalis

58
Q

what do we use for anaerobic bacteria and T vaginalis

A

metronidazole

59
Q

what does bacitracin

A

interferes with the bacterial cell well

60
Q

give examples of cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

cycloserine
B lactams
glycopeptides

61
Q

what do cycloserine, B lactams and glycopeptides

A

cell wall synthesis inhibitors

62
Q

give examples B lactam antibiotics

A

monobactams

cephalosporin

63
Q

what is monobactams against

A

gram -ve bacteria

64
Q

which agents can affect membrane integrity

A

Polymyxins
Metronidazole
Gramicidins

65
Q

which agents affect DNA metabolism

A

folic acid

trimethoprim

66
Q

which agents affect DNA

A

Metronidazole
levofloxacin
ciprofloxacin
nalidixic acid

67
Q

which agents affect protein synthesis

A

tetracycline
chloramphenicol
macrolides
aminocycosides

68
Q

give examples of aminoglycosides

A

streptomycin

getamycin

69
Q

what are some side effects of aminoglycosides

A

streptomycin

gatamycin

70
Q

which agents are against RNA synthesis

A

rifampicin

streptomycin

71
Q

what does rifampicin do

A

inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase
used to treat TB
prophylaxis of meningitis

Y3- I & W (21 decks)

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