micro- antimicrobial agents Flashcards

(71 cards)

1
Q

definition of an antibiotic

A

the products of microbes that in dilute solution inhibit or kill organisms

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2
Q

what might we do to naturally occurring antibiotics

A

we may modify them to give synthetic derivatives

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3
Q

define antimicrobial agents

A

include antibiotics and synthetic compounds that have the same effect

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4
Q

what are the two types of antibiotics

A

bacteriostatic

bacteriocidal

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5
Q

what does bacteriostatic mean

A

inhibit microbes so growth stops

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6
Q

what does bacteriocidal mean

A

kill microbes

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7
Q

give an example of a bacteriocidal antibiotic

A

gentamicin

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8
Q

give an example of a bacteriostatic antibiotic

A

chloramphenicol

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9
Q

how do we determine which drug is used to treat which bacteria

A

susceptibility testing
using isolated bacteria- different drug discs

epsilon testing

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10
Q

what do we look for when susceptibility testing and epsilon testing

A

the largest zone of inhibition

and also if there is any mutant species as there is no zone of inhibition

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11
Q

define minimum inhibitory conc

A

Lowest conc of antibiotic that prevents visible growth of a particular bacterium

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12
Q

define minimum bactericidal conc

A

Lowest conc of antibiotic that kills a specific bacterium

determined using dilution methods

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13
Q

what is the issue with dilution methods

A

time consuming- as need to make the correct dilution factor

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14
Q

what is selective toxicity

A

the idea that bacteria have a different metabolism than humans and therefore the antibiotics will act on bacteria but not humans

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15
Q

what is the issue with selective toxicity

A

doesn’t always work eg
a penicillin allergy is due to the thiazolidine ring
but the B lactam ring also in penicillin is the thing that gives the antibiotic activity

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16
Q

which microbes metabolism is most similar to humans

A

fungi and protozoa

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17
Q

why can we not use antibiotics on a virus

A

as a virus relies completely on the human host cell to replicate

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18
Q

what is the main issue with antiviral, anti fungal and anti protists drugs

A

more limited in their scope and more toxic to humans

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19
Q

what are some key points in the HIV virus replication cycle

A
  1. Entry
    1. Uncoating
    2. Reverse transcription
    3. Integration
    4. Protease inhibition
    5. Virus replication and assembly
      Virus release
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20
Q

what does antisense RNA do

A

used to inhibit transcription factors

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21
Q

describe antisense RNA

A

short sequence of RNA that compromises the reverse of an MRNA
therefore binds to the MRNA and prevents translation

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22
Q

what treatment and infection is given for influenza A

A

amantadine

rimantadine

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23
Q

what is amantadine and rimantadine used for

A

the treatment and prevention fo influenza A

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24
Q

how does amantadine and rimantadine work

A

by targeting entry and uncoating steps

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25
how does acilovir work
a nucleoside analogue that treats herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus
26
what antimicrobial agent treats herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus
acilovir
27
what is gancylovir
derivative of acilovir
28
what tx is against cytomegalovirus
gancylovir
29
what is ribavirin against
broad spectrum to treat respiratory syncytial virus
30
which tx is for respiratory syncytial virus
ribavirin
31
describe zidovudine and lamivudine
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
32
give examples of some reverse transcriptase inhibitors
zidovudine | lamivudine
33
describe nelfinavir
is a protease inhibitor that can hydrolyse polyproteins produced by viruses
34
give an example of a protease inhibitor
nelfinavir
35
what does HAART stand for
highly active antiretroviral therapy
36
what is HAART used for
pts with aids
37
describe tamiflu and relenza
neuraminidase inhibitors
38
what do neuraminidase inhibitors do
prevent the release of viruses from infected cells
39
give examples of anti fungal agents
nystatin
40
what is nystatin used for
oral and genital candida infections
41
what are polyenes
act by binding with sterols in eukaryotic membranes causing destabilisation
42
what is the issue for amphotericin B
potentially toxic to humans given with a second anti fungal/suspension administered with 5- flucytosine
43
describe 5 flucytosine
Synthetic pyrimidine that is metabolised in fungi to 5 fluorouracil and active against pathogenic yeasts It interferes with the synthesis of nucleic acids
44
describe the azole group
large group that inhibit ergosterol synthesis leading to membrane leakage
45
what are the two groups of azaleas
imidazoles | triazoles
46
give examples of imidazole
micronazole | chotrimazole
47
what is the issue with micronazole
too toxic to use systemically but can be used topical
48
give examples of triazoles
flucanazole, itraconaole
49
which antifungal agent is used against yeast
flucanazole
50
what is fluconazole used for
yeast infections
51
what is terbinafine used for
used for skin and nail infections
52
what tx can be used for skin and nail infections
terbinafine
53
what is griseofulvin
a true antibiotic used for ringworm and other fungal infections of skin and nails
54
what tx can be used for ringworm or skin and nail infection
griseofulvin
55
give some examples of antiprotist agents
chloroquine | mefloquine
56
how does metronidazole work
targets DNA and membrane integrity
57
what does metronidazole treat
anaerobic bacteria | T vaginalis
58
what do we use for anaerobic bacteria and T vaginalis
metronidazole
59
what does bacitracin
interferes with the bacterial cell well
60
give examples of cell wall synthesis inhibitors
cycloserine B lactams glycopeptides
61
what do cycloserine, B lactams and glycopeptides
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
62
give examples B lactam antibiotics
monobactams | cephalosporin
63
what is monobactams against
gram -ve bacteria
64
which agents can affect membrane integrity
Polymyxins Metronidazole Gramicidins
65
which agents affect DNA metabolism
folic acid | trimethoprim
66
which agents affect DNA
Metronidazole levofloxacin ciprofloxacin nalidixic acid
67
which agents affect protein synthesis
tetracycline chloramphenicol macrolides aminocycosides
68
give examples of aminoglycosides
streptomycin | getamycin
69
what are some side effects of aminoglycosides
streptomycin | gatamycin
70
which agents are against RNA synthesis
rifampicin | streptomycin
71
what does rifampicin do
inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase used to treat TB prophylaxis of meningitis