micro- antimicrobial resistance Flashcards
what are some causes for antibiotic resistance
over prescription not finishing tx over use of antibiotics in livestock poor infection control lack of hygiene and sanitation lack of new antibiotics being developed
what have microbes done
they have evolved and are able to resist their own substances and resist antibiotics
what is the mechanism for antibiotic resistance
bacteria may lack a target for the antibiotic
the antibiotic target may be inaccessible
the antibiotic target may be modified
how are some ways microbes can reduce the effect of antibiotics
efflux pump
enzymatic degredation
inactivation- addition of a phosphate group
modified drug target
what is an efflux pump
where the microbe effectively pumps out the antibiotic
describe enzymatic degradation
chemical modification or destruction through degradation of the antibiotic
give examples of enzymatic degradation
chloramphenicol acetyltransfereases
beta lactamases- work against penicillin
where are antibiotic resistance genes found
on plasmids or on trans prosomes
what are trans prosomes
short sequences of DNA which can change their position on the genome
describe horizontal gene transfer
transfer of DNA sequence as it from a bacterial species to a similar species or a different species via DNA
what are the four types of horizontal gene transfer
conjugation
transformation
transduction
gene transfer agents
describe conjugation
cell to cell contact via the pill or adhesins and the DNA is transferred
describe transformation
uptake integration and functional expression of naked fragments from cell death
which bacteria can undergo transformation
haemophilus influenzae
N gonorrhoea
describe gene transfer agents
bacteriophages can carry random producing cell genomes and the bacteriophages are released by cell lysis
