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pathology 1 > neoplasia > Flashcards

neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what is a neoplasm?

A

new abnormal growth

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2
Q

what is oncology?

A

study and treatment of tomours

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3
Q

describe the growth of a neoplasm/tumour?

A

uncoordinated and exceeds that of normal tissues

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4
Q

which 2 ways can neoplasms be classified?

A
  • clinical behaviour

- histogenesis (tissue of origin)

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5
Q

tumours can be classified by clinical behaviour, what 2 types of clinical behaviour are there?

A
  • benign

- malignant

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6
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, are encapsulated?

A

benign

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7
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, involve invasion/infiltration ?

A

malignant

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8
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, involves metastasis?

A

malignant

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9
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, has a slow growth rate?

A

benign

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10
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, has a fast growth rate?

A

malignant

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11
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, shows variable resemblance to the tissue of origin?

A

malignant

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12
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, shows uniform cell shape/size?

A

benign

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13
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, shows few mitoses?

A

benign

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14
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, shows many mitoses?

A

malignant

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15
Q

what are the clinical effects of benign tumours?

A

lump/pressure/obstruction, +/- hormone secretion

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16
Q

how may benign tumours be treated?

A

local excision

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17
Q

how may malignant tumours be treated?

A

local excision, chemotherapy, radiation or all 3

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18
Q

how does radiotherapy work?

A

radiation of metastasis prevent spread

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19
Q

what is the name for a benign salivary gland tumour?

A

pleomorphic adenoma

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20
Q

what is the name for a malignant tumour of the oral mucosa?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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21
Q

where is at particularly high risk of squamous cell carcinomas ?

A

tongue

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22
Q

a benign squamous epithelial tumour is known as a?

A

papilloma

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23
Q

a malignant squamous epithelial tumour is known as a?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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24
Q

a benign glandular epithelial tumour is known as a?

A

adenoma

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25
Q

a malignant glandular epithelial tumour is known as a?

A

adenocarcinoma

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26
Q

are squamous cell papillomas benign or malignant?

A

benign

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27
Q

what is the name for an epithelium malignancy?

A

carcinoma

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28
Q

sarcoma indicates what?

A

malignancy

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29
Q

a malignant smooth muscle tumour is known as a?

A

leiomyosarcoma

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30
Q

a benign smooth muscle tumour is known as a?

A

leiomyoma

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31
Q

a malignant fibrous tissue tumour is known as a?

A

fibrosarcoma

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32
Q

a benign fibrous tissue tumour is known as a?

A

fibroma

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33
Q

a malignant bone tumour is known as a?

A

osteosarcoma

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34
Q

a benign bone tumour is known as a?

A

osteoma

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35
Q

a malignant cartilage tumour is known as a?

A

chondrosarcoma

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36
Q

a benign cartilage tumour is known as a?

A

chondroma

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37
Q

a malignant fat tumour is known as a?

A

liposarcoma

38
Q

a benign fat tumour is known as a?

A

lipoma

39
Q

a malignant BV tumour is known as a?

A

angiosarcoma

40
Q

a benign BV tumour is known as a?

A

angioma

41
Q

what is a carcinogen?

A

substance that causes or can cause cancer

42
Q

give some examples of carcinogens?

A
  • chemicals (drugs, asbestos, smoking)
  • physical agent (UV light, radiation)
  • viruses (DNA/RNA viruses)
43
Q

chemical carcinonogenesis is a 3 stage process what are the 2 stages?

A
  • initiation
  • promotion
  • progression
44
Q

what happens during the initiation stage of carcinogenesis?

A

carcinogen induces permanent DNA damage (mutation)

45
Q

what happens during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis?

A

another factor promotes proliferation of initiated cell

46
Q

what happens during the progression stage of carcinogenesis?

A

additional mutation resulting in malignancy

47
Q

during carcinogenesis, the time between the promotion and formation of the clinical tumour is known as what?

A

latent period

48
Q

what occurs during the latent period of carcinogenesis?

A

more mutations

49
Q

most carcinogens are pro-carcinogenic, what does this mean?

A

require metabolic activation

50
Q

what are co-carciogenic carcinogens?

A

substance promotes the effect of carcinogens but is not carcinogenic omits own

51
Q

carcinomas are cancers of which area?

A

skin, lungs, breasts, pancreas, and other organs and glands

52
Q

lymphomas are cancers of which cells?

A

lymphocytes

53
Q

sarcomas are cancers of which area?

A

bone, muscle, fat, bloodvessels, cartilage, or other soft or connective tissues

54
Q

give examples of the ateology of mouth cancer?

A
  • tobacco
  • betel quid
  • alcohol coupled with tobacco
  • diet and nutrition
  • oral hygiene
  • HPV
  • immundeficieny
  • socioeconomic factors
55
Q

what is leukoplakia?

A

white patch on oral mucosa that can’t be removed, potentially malignant

56
Q

name 4 important genes in carcinogenesis?

A
  • oncogenes
  • tumour supressor genes
  • dna repair genes
  • miRNAs
57
Q

what are oncogenes?

A

genes which in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumour, mutated proto-oncogenes

58
Q

what is the name for genes which regulate cell division?

A

proto-oncogenes

59
Q

what is an oncogene in relation to a photo-oncogene?

A

oncogene are mutated proto-oncognes

60
Q

what do oncogenes produce

A

oncoporteins

61
Q

what are tumour suppressor genes?

A

genes that inhibit cell division and suppress growth

62
Q

which genes act as anti-oncogenes?

A

tumour supressor genes

63
Q

briefly describe what is meant by the knudson 2 hit hypothesis in relation to tumour suppressant genes?

A

in order for a cell to become cancerous, both of the cells tumour suppressant genes must be mutated

64
Q

in order for a cell to become mutated, how many of a cells oncogenes have to be mutated?

A

1

65
Q

give an example of a tumour suppressant gene

A

retinoblastoma

66
Q

give examples of inherited factors which may cause cancer

A

single mutant gene, tumour suppressant genes, retinoblastoma

67
Q

give 3 examples of familial cancers

A
  • breast
  • ovary
  • colon
68
Q

what is p53?

A

tumour suppressant protein

69
Q

how is p53 activated and what function does it have?

A
  • activated by damaged DNA
  • if the DNA damage is repairable, it will stop the cell cycle and repair it
  • if DNA damage is unreparibale it will induce apoptosis in that cell
70
Q

how may p53 cause cancer?

A

if p53 is inactivated by deletion or mutation

71
Q

name 6 hallmarks of cancer

A
  • destruction tissue and metastasis
  • avoid apoptosis
  • sustained angiogenesis
  • self-sufficiency in growth signals
  • insensitivity to antigrowth signals
  • limitless replicative potential
72
Q

how may malignant tumours spread?

A
  • locally
  • lymphatic spread
  • blood spread (haematogenous)
  • tratscelonic spread
  • intraepithelial spread
73
Q

what is metastasis?

A

spread of malignant cells to distant organs forming secondary tumours

74
Q

how do carcinomas tend to spread?

A
  • lymphatic spread

- blood spread (haematogenous)

75
Q

how do sarcomas tend to spread?

A

blood

76
Q

describe the metastatic process/cascade

A
  • invasion of cancer cells through basal membrane into lymphatic vessel of blood
  • survival in circulation
  • arrest in organ
  • extravasion - leave circulation and enter organ
  • survival after extravasion
77
Q

what is tumour grading?

A

histopathologicslly assessing the biological nature of the tumour

78
Q

what is tumour staging?

A

clinically assessing the extent of spread

79
Q

which piece of equipment is usually used for tumour grading?

A

microscope

80
Q

cells of a malignant tumour may show?

A
  • pleomorphism (variation in shape/size)
  • numerous mitoses
  • abnormal mitoses
  • variable differentiation
81
Q

tumour staging and grading help with what?

A

planning of treatment plan

82
Q

give examples of some systemic effects of cancer?

A
  • fever
  • anorexia
  • cachexia
  • neurological problems
  • endocrine problems
  • metabolic effects
83
Q

give 3 types of cancer surgery

A
  • radiotherapy
  • chemotherapy
  • surgery
84
Q

which molecules allow the immune system to recognise tumour cells?

A
  • tumour associated antigens
  • products of mutated genes
  • over expressed proteins
  • viral proteins
  • oncofetal antigens
85
Q

how can the immune system eliminate tumour antigens?

A

elimination by cell mediated immune responses:

  • CD8 T cells
  • NK cells (1st line defence against tumour)
  • macrophages
86
Q

how do tumour cells evade the immune system?

A
  • alter tumour antigen expression to lack t cell recognition
  • activate immunoregulatory pathways to inhibit t cell response and apoptosis
  • immunosupprsant factors (cytokines) to inhibit t cells
87
Q

what does immunotherapy involve?

A

use patients immune response to control and destroy malignant cells

88
Q

immunotherapy is most successful in which type of malignancies?

A

haematological

89
Q

what is the main risk factor for oral cancer?

A

tobacco

90
Q

name the 3 stages of carcinogenesis?

A
  • initiation
  • promotion
  • proliferation

pathology 1 (13 decks)

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