Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

pathology 1 > neoplasia > Flashcards

neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what is a neoplasm?

A

new abnormal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is oncology?

A

study and treatment of tomours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe the growth of a neoplasm/tumour?

A

uncoordinated and exceeds that of normal tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which 2 ways can neoplasms be classified?

A
  • clinical behaviour

- histogenesis (tissue of origin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tumours can be classified by clinical behaviour, what 2 types of clinical behaviour are there?

A
  • benign

- malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, are encapsulated?

A

benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, involve invasion/infiltration ?

A

malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, involves metastasis?

A

malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, has a slow growth rate?

A

benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, has a fast growth rate?

A

malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, shows variable resemblance to the tissue of origin?

A

malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, shows uniform cell shape/size?

A

benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, shows few mitoses?

A

benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which type of tumour, benign or malignant, shows many mitoses?

A

malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the clinical effects of benign tumours?

A

lump/pressure/obstruction, +/- hormone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how may benign tumours be treated?

A

local excision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how may malignant tumours be treated?

A

local excision, chemotherapy, radiation or all 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does radiotherapy work?

A

radiation of metastasis prevent spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the name for a benign salivary gland tumour?

A

pleomorphic adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the name for a malignant tumour of the oral mucosa?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is at particularly high risk of squamous cell carcinomas ?

A

tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a benign squamous epithelial tumour is known as a?

A

papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a malignant squamous epithelial tumour is known as a?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a benign glandular epithelial tumour is known as a?

A

adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
a malignant glandular epithelial tumour is known as a?
adenocarcinoma
26
are squamous cell papillomas benign or malignant?
benign
27
what is the name for an epithelium malignancy?
carcinoma
28
sarcoma indicates what?
malignancy
29
a malignant smooth muscle tumour is known as a?
leiomyosarcoma
30
a benign smooth muscle tumour is known as a?
leiomyoma
31
a malignant fibrous tissue tumour is known as a?
fibrosarcoma
32
a benign fibrous tissue tumour is known as a?
fibroma
33
a malignant bone tumour is known as a?
osteosarcoma
34
a benign bone tumour is known as a?
osteoma
35
a malignant cartilage tumour is known as a?
chondrosarcoma
36
a benign cartilage tumour is known as a?
chondroma
37
a malignant fat tumour is known as a?
liposarcoma
38
a benign fat tumour is known as a?
lipoma
39
a malignant BV tumour is known as a?
angiosarcoma
40
a benign BV tumour is known as a?
angioma
41
what is a carcinogen?
substance that causes or can cause cancer
42
give some examples of carcinogens?
- chemicals (drugs, asbestos, smoking) - physical agent (UV light, radiation) - viruses (DNA/RNA viruses)
43
chemical carcinonogenesis is a 3 stage process what are the 2 stages?
- initiation - promotion - progression
44
what happens during the initiation stage of carcinogenesis?
carcinogen induces permanent DNA damage (mutation)
45
what happens during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis?
another factor promotes proliferation of initiated cell
46
what happens during the progression stage of carcinogenesis?
additional mutation resulting in malignancy
47
during carcinogenesis, the time between the promotion and formation of the clinical tumour is known as what?
latent period
48
what occurs during the latent period of carcinogenesis?
more mutations
49
most carcinogens are pro-carcinogenic, what does this mean?
require metabolic activation
50
what are co-carciogenic carcinogens?
substance promotes the effect of carcinogens but is not carcinogenic omits own
51
carcinomas are cancers of which area?
skin, lungs, breasts, pancreas, and other organs and glands
52
lymphomas are cancers of which cells?
lymphocytes
53
sarcomas are cancers of which area?
bone, muscle, fat, bloodvessels, cartilage, or other soft or connective tissues
54
give examples of the ateology of mouth cancer?
- tobacco - betel quid - alcohol coupled with tobacco - diet and nutrition - oral hygiene - HPV - immundeficieny - socioeconomic factors
55
what is leukoplakia?
white patch on oral mucosa that can't be removed, potentially malignant
56
name 4 important genes in carcinogenesis?
- oncogenes - tumour supressor genes - dna repair genes - miRNAs
57
what are oncogenes?
genes which in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumour, mutated proto-oncogenes
58
what is the name for genes which regulate cell division?
proto-oncogenes
59
what is an oncogene in relation to a photo-oncogene?
oncogene are mutated proto-oncognes
60
what do oncogenes produce
oncoporteins
61
what are tumour suppressor genes?
genes that inhibit cell division and suppress growth
62
which genes act as anti-oncogenes?
tumour supressor genes
63
briefly describe what is meant by the knudson 2 hit hypothesis in relation to tumour suppressant genes?
in order for a cell to become cancerous, both of the cells tumour suppressant genes must be mutated
64
in order for a cell to become mutated, how many of a cells oncogenes have to be mutated?
1
65
give an example of a tumour suppressant gene
retinoblastoma
66
give examples of inherited factors which may cause cancer
single mutant gene, tumour suppressant genes, retinoblastoma
67
give 3 examples of familial cancers
- breast - ovary - colon
68
what is p53?
tumour suppressant protein
69
how is p53 activated and what function does it have?
- activated by damaged DNA - if the DNA damage is repairable, it will stop the cell cycle and repair it - if DNA damage is unreparibale it will induce apoptosis in that cell
70
how may p53 cause cancer?
if p53 is inactivated by deletion or mutation
71
name 6 hallmarks of cancer
- destruction tissue and metastasis - avoid apoptosis - sustained angiogenesis - self-sufficiency in growth signals - insensitivity to antigrowth signals - limitless replicative potential
72
how may malignant tumours spread?
- locally - lymphatic spread - blood spread (haematogenous) - tratscelonic spread - intraepithelial spread
73
what is metastasis?
spread of malignant cells to distant organs forming secondary tumours
74
how do carcinomas tend to spread?
- lymphatic spread | - blood spread (haematogenous)
75
how do sarcomas tend to spread?
blood
76
describe the metastatic process/cascade
- invasion of cancer cells through basal membrane into lymphatic vessel of blood - survival in circulation - arrest in organ - extravasion - leave circulation and enter organ - survival after extravasion
77
what is tumour grading?
histopathologicslly assessing the biological nature of the tumour
78
what is tumour staging?
clinically assessing the extent of spread
79
which piece of equipment is usually used for tumour grading?
microscope
80
cells of a malignant tumour may show?
- pleomorphism (variation in shape/size) - numerous mitoses - abnormal mitoses - variable differentiation
81
tumour staging and grading help with what?
planning of treatment plan
82
give examples of some systemic effects of cancer?
- fever - anorexia - cachexia - neurological problems - endocrine problems - metabolic effects
83
give 3 types of cancer surgery
- radiotherapy - chemotherapy - surgery
84
which molecules allow the immune system to recognise tumour cells?
- tumour associated antigens - products of mutated genes - over expressed proteins - viral proteins - oncofetal antigens
85
how can the immune system eliminate tumour antigens?
elimination by cell mediated immune responses: - CD8 T cells - NK cells (1st line defence against tumour) - macrophages
86
how do tumour cells evade the immune system?
- alter tumour antigen expression to lack t cell recognition - activate immunoregulatory pathways to inhibit t cell response and apoptosis - immunosupprsant factors (cytokines) to inhibit t cells
87
what does immunotherapy involve?
use patients immune response to control and destroy malignant cells
88
immunotherapy is most successful in which type of malignancies?
haematological
89
what is the main risk factor for oral cancer?
tobacco
90
name the 3 stages of carcinogenesis?
- initiation - promotion - proliferation

pathology 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions