acute inflammation Flashcards
what is acute inflammation?
response of living tissue to infection/damage
how long does acute inflammation take to develop and how long does it last?
develops quickly (min-hours) lasts few hours/days
what are the 3 main interlinked processes pf acute inflammation?
- vascular dilation (change in BV calibre/diameter)
- increased vascular permeability
- neutrophil activation migration
what may cause acute inflammation?
- microbial infection
- physical agent (trauma, UV, heat, cold)
- irritant & corrosive chemicals (acids, alkalis)
- tissue necrosis (lack oxygen or nutrients due to inadequate blood flow)
what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
rubor - redness (dilation of BVs) calor - heat (increased blood flow) tumor - swelling (accumulation fluid) dolor - pain (stretching of tissues due to oedema) functio laesa - loss of function
what is hyperaemia?
increased blood flow
what is oedema?
swelling
during acute inflammation, vessels are said to become exudate, what does this mean?
they become leaky and allow passage of water, salts and proteins
increased blood flow during acute inflammation increases the flow of what to the area of inflammation?
cells, fluid, salt, glucose, oxygen,complement proteins, antibodies, fibrin
name the 5 chemical mediators of blood vessel change during acute inflammation ?
- histamine
- bradykinin (similar to histamine)
- leukotrines
- serotonin
- prostoglandins
name the 2 protein mediators of blood vessel change during acute inflammation?
- cytokines
- chemokines
histamine is the product of what?
breakdown of amino acid histadine
where is histamine stored?
in granules of immune cells such as mast cells
degranulation of mast cells releases histamine, what stimulates degranulation?
- antigens
- C3a,C5a complement
what is the role of histamine?
cause vascular dilation
prostaglandins is a product of what?
fatty acid metabolism
what is the main role of prostaglandins?
vascular dilation
name the 4 proteolytic enzyme cascades?
- complement
- kinin system
- coagulation
- fibrinolytic system
the kinin system requires the activation of which molecule?
hageman factor
what is the end product of the kinin system?
bradykinin
what is the function of bradykinin?
- activate complement
- increase vascular permeability
- stimulate nerves
- cause production of chemical mediators
name the 3 coagulation pathways?
- intrinsic
- extrinsic
- common
how is the intrinsic coagulation pathway activated?
when blood comes into contact with sub-endothelial connective tissue (outside BV)
how is the extrinsic coagulation pathway activated?
damaged BV means human factor leaves vessel and encounters tissue factor on surrounding tissue
what occurs during the common coagulation pathway?
production of thrombin produces fibrin
which molecules is the building block of a blood clot?
fibrin
in the coagulation system, which two pathways diverge on the remaining pathway?
intrinsic and extrinsic diverge on common
which system is the opposite of the coagulation system?
fibrinolytic
what is the function of the fibrinolytic system?
activate plasmin, breakdown blood clots (fibrin), prevent excess clotting
fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by which molecule?
thrombin
name some congenital coagulation disorders?
- Von Willebrand disease (VWD)
- haemophilia A/B
name 2 anti-coagulant drugs
- warfarin
- heparin
what s suppuration?
formation of pus (abscess) containing dead neutrophils and microorganisms
what is pus surrounded by?
pyogenic membrane
what are the 3 type of dental abscess?
- gingival
- periodontal
- pariapical
what is resolution of acute inflammation?
complete restoration of tissues, minimal cell death
resolution usually occurs in which types of tissue?
those with regenerating capacity
what is the most favourable sequel to acute inflammation?
resolution
what is the term for the leakage of an inflammatory exudate from blood vessels into surrounding tissues?
oedema
what enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandins is the target go ibuprofen?
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
