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pathology 1 > cell injury > Flashcards

cell injury Flashcards

1
Q

cell injury can be reversible or irreversible, what are the characteristics of reversible cell injury?

A
  • cells adapt to change sin environment

- return to normal once stimuli removed

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2
Q

cell injury can be reversible or irreversible, what are the characteristics of irreversible cell injury?

A
  • permanent

- cell death

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3
Q

which factors determine whether cell injury is reversible or irreversible?

A
  • cell type
  • duration
  • severity
  • susceptibility/adaptabilty of cell (nutritional status)
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4
Q

give examples of some causes of cell injury

A
  • hypoxia
  • physical agents
  • chemicals
  • infection
  • immunological reaction
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5
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

decreased oxygen

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6
Q

which conditions may hypoxia cause?

A
  • anaemia

- reparatory failure

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7
Q

what effect does hypoxia have on cell respiration?

A

decreased ATP as cell cannot aerobically respire, cell still capable of anaerobic respiration

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8
Q

what is ischaemia?

A

decreased blood flow to tissues

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9
Q

what is more severe, hypoxia or ischaemia?

A

ischaemia

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10
Q

give an example of a condition caused as a result of ischaemia

A

atherosclerosis

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11
Q

what effect does iscghaemia have on cell respiration?

A

no aerobic or anaerobic respiration

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12
Q

give examples of physical agents which may cause cell injury

A
  • mechanical trauma (affect cell structure)
  • temp (affect proteins, chemical reaction)
  • ionising radiation (DNA damage)
  • electric shock
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13
Q

give examples of infectious agents which may cause cell injury

A

bacteria, fungi, parasite, virus, proton

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14
Q

give examples of chemical agents which may cause cell injury

A
  • simple chemical (i.e glucose in excess may cause osmotic imbalance)
  • poison
  • asbestos (inflammation)
  • alcohol, smoking, recreational drugs
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15
Q

reversible injury may cause disruption to ?

A
  • respiration
  • plasma membrane integrity
  • protein synthesis
  • DNA maintenance
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16
Q

what morphological changes may occur as a result of reversible cell injury?

A
  • cloudy swelling

- fatty changes

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17
Q

what happens to a cloudy swollen cell?

A
  • incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis
  • failure of energy dependant ion pumps leading to influx of Na and water
  • build up of intracellular metabolites
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18
Q

how does fatty change occur in an injured cell ?

A

accumulation of lipid vacuoles in cytoplasm by disruption to fatty acid metabolism

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19
Q

what type of cell injury causes fatty changes?

A

toxic and hypoxic

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20
Q

what systemic effect does fatty changes to a cell have?

A

enlarged and pale liver

21
Q

what is the definition of necrosis?

A

cell death due to pathology

22
Q

what happens during necrosis?

A
  • intracellular protein denaturation & lysosomal digestion of cell
  • cell membrane disputed so contents leak
23
Q

which cell death, apoptosis or necrosis, always involves an inflammatory response?

A

necrosis

24
Q

which cell death, apoptosis or necrosis, never involves an inflammatory response?

A

apoptosis

25
Q

what microscopical changes occur as a result of necrosis?

A
  • pyknosis (nucleus shrinks)

- karyorrhexis (nucleus fragments)

26
Q

if necrotic remains are not removed, what occurs?

A

Ca salts deposited in necrotic tissue

27
Q

which cell death, apoptosis or necrosis, requires energy?

A

apoptosis

28
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

29
Q

what are the pathological triggers of apoptosis?

A
  • hypoxia/ischaemia
  • viral infection
  • DNA damage (unrepeatable p53)
  • caspases trigger it
30
Q

give some physiological roles of apoptosis

A
  • deletion of self reactive lymphocytes in thymus
  • maintain constant number of cells
  • delete inflammatory cells after inflammation
31
Q

describe some morphological feature of apoptosis

A
  • cell shrinkage
  • chromatin condenses
  • membrane intact
32
Q

which cell death, apoptosis or necrosis results in enlarged cell size?

A

necrosis

33
Q

which cell death, apoptosis or necrosis results in reduced cell size?

A

apoptosis

34
Q

which cell death, apoptosis or necrosis results in disrupted membrane?

A

necrosis

35
Q

which cell death, apoptosis or necrosis results in intact contents?

A

apoptosis

36
Q

which cell death, apoptosis or necrosis has a physiological role?

A

apoptosis

37
Q

what is amyloid?

A

fibrillar protein that is deposited in the liver, kidneys, spleen, or other tissues due to pathology

38
Q

name the 3 types of amyloid protein

A
  • AL (amyloid light chain)
  • AA (amyloid associated)
  • ABeta ( alzheimers disease)
39
Q

what is pathological pigmentation?

A

build up of pigmented substances in cytoplasm

40
Q

give examples of endogenous pigmentation

A
  • haemosiderin (bruise)

- melanin

41
Q

give examples of exogenous pigmentation

A
  • carbons deposits in macrophages of alveoli (anthracosis)
  • tattoo
  • heavy metal salts
  • intravascular drug use
42
Q

what is pathological calcification?

A

a lesion in which calcium salts, usually in the form of calcium phosphate, are deposited abnormally in soft tissues

43
Q

what are the the 2 forms of pathological calcification?

A
  • dystrophic

- metastatic

44
Q

what is is dystropic pathological calcification?

A

Ca phosphate in necrotic tissue

45
Q

what is metastatic pathological calcification?

A

Ca salts in vital tissue (connective, BV)

46
Q

what causes pathological calcification?

A
  • increased parathyroid hormone, parathyroid tumour
  • destruction bone tissue
  • excess vit D
  • renal failure
47
Q

state the differences between apoptosis and necrosis

A

apoptosis - no inflammation, requires energy, cell shrinks, plasma membrane
necrosis - inflammation, no energy, plasma membrane disrupted

48
Q

state 2 microscopical characteristics of cellular reversible injury?

A
  • fatty changes

- cloudy swelling

pathology 1 (13 decks)

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