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Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Uncontrolled growth of cells whose proliferation cannot be adequately controlled by normal regulatory mechanisms operating in normal tissues

A

Neoplasia (“New growth”)

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2
Q

What type of tumor has limited growth potential and a good outcome

A

Benign tumor

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3
Q

How is a definitive diagnosis for a tumor performed?

A

Pathologic examination

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4
Q

Macroscopic features of benign tumors

A
  1. Encapsulated -Sharply demarcated from normal tissue (capsule is usually connective tissue)
  2. Expansile Growth - usually compress the normal surrounding tissue
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5
Q

Example of benign tumor

A
  1. Tubular adenoma - colonic polyp
  2. Meningioma of the dura
  3. Adrenocortical adenoma
  4. Pleomorphic adenoma (Salivary gland)
  5. Serous cystadenoma (ovaries)
  6. Leiomyomas (uterus)
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6
Q

Macroscopic features of malignant tumors

A
  1. Lack capsule/Not sharply demarcated from normal tissue
  2. Invade - hallmarks are “hemorrhage and necrosis”
  3. Difficult to remove (infiltrative growth and lack of sharp borders)
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7
Q

Name 5 examples of malignant tumors

A
  1. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma with no demarcation and cavitation
  2. Carcinoma of the esophagus
  3. Wilms Tumor (most common type of kidney cancer in children)
  4. Adenocarcinoma of colon
  5. Hepatocellular carcinoma
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8
Q

Are all malignant cells capable of metastasis?

A

No.

Example: primary brain tumors

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9
Q

What are the 3 main pathways of metastasis

A
  1. Lymphatics (ie breast cancer), called hematogenous spread
  2. Bloodstream (ie many cancers)
  3. Direct extension of primary tumor (ie renal cell carcinoma seeding to adrenal gland)
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10
Q

Krukenberg tumor

A

Metastatic stomach carcinoma to ovary

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11
Q

If epithelial tissue and of glandular origin the benign tumor is an _________

A

Adenoma

ex. thyroid follicular adenmoa, or hepatic adenoma

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12
Q

If tissue cells are squamous the benign tumor is a ______

A

Papilloma

ex. skin or laryngeal papillomas

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13
Q

Benign tumor of cartilage tissue

A

chondroma

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14
Q

Benign tumor of osseous tissue

A

osteoma

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15
Q

Benign tumor of smooth muscle

A

leiomyoma

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16
Q

benign tumor of blood vessel

A

angioma

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17
Q

benign tumor of skeletal muscle

A

rhabdomyoma

18
Q

benign tumor of fibrous tissue (collagen)

19
Q

Benign tumor of connective tissue, ________origin

A

mesenchymal origin = connective tissue

20
Q

Malignant tumors of epithelial origin are called _____

A

carcinomas

21
Q

Name 3 examples of Adenocarcinomas

A
  1. Renal cell carcinoma
  2. Adrenocortical carcinomas
  3. Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC)
22
Q

Sarcoma

A

malignant tumors of connective tissue origin

23
Q

Malignant tumor of fibrous tisssue

A

fibrosarcoma

24
Q

Malignant tumor of fat tissue

A

liposarcoma

25
Q

Malignant tumor of bone tissue

A

osteosarcoma

26
Q

Malignant tumor of cartilage

A

chrondrosarcoma

27
Q

Malignant tummor of skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

28
Q

Are lymphomas, melanomas, astrocytomas, and seminomas benign or malignant?

29
Q

Which type of malignacy is associated with long-term exposure to asbestos?

A

Mesotheliomas

30
Q

What is the name for a malignant tumor composed of embryonic tissue?

A

Blastomas

ex. retinoblastomas, neuroblastomas, and medulloblastomas

31
Q

Rind tumors are associated with what?

A

Mesotheliomas

32
Q

Tumors derived from the three germ cell layers (testes or ovaries) are named?

A

Teratomas (benign)

Teratocarcinomas (malignant)

33
Q

Where are teratomas or teratocarcinomas usually located within the body?

A

midline of the body

34
Q

Name 3 types of cancers that are named for those who first discovered them because they can’t be classified

A
  1. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
  2. Ewing’s Sarcoma of Bone
  3. Kaposi’s Sarcoma of the Skin
35
Q

Cytologic/histologic grading is based on (2)

A
  1. anaplasia

2. number of proliferating cells

36
Q

What determines anaplasia (4)

A
  1. Shape and irregularity of cells
  2. Large numbers of atypical mitoses
  3. Nuclear pleomorphism (big cells and small cells)
  4. Tumor giant cells
37
Q

How many grades are there in cancer grading?

A

3

Grade I, Grade II, Grade III

38
Q

Grade I tumor

A

well differentiated

39
Q

Grade II tumor

A

moderately differentiated

40
Q

Grade III tumor

A

poorly or undifferentiated

41
Q

Name the parts of cancer staging

A
  • Clinically assessing the extent of tumor spread
  • examination
  • radiographic studies
  • biopsy results
  • size of primary tumor
  • involvement in lymph nodes
  • metastasis
42
Q

TNM cancer staging system

A

Tumor size, Lymph node Status, and Metastasis

Pathology (15 decks)

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