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Pathology > Cellular Adaptation and Cell Necrosis > Flashcards

Cellular Adaptation and Cell Necrosis Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 types of cell adaptation

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Metaplasia
  5. Dysplasia
  6. Anaplasia
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2
Q

Decrease in the size of tissue, organ or entire body

A

atrophy

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3
Q

Name 3 examples of physiologic atrophy

A
  1. Thymus undergoing involution
  2. Ovaries, uterus and breasts after menopause
    3 Elderly bones and muscles
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4
Q

Name 3 examples of pathologic atrophy

A
  1. Kidneys involved with atherosclerosis
  2. Testicular atrophy
  3. Alzheimer Dementia *
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5
Q

Name the example for physiologic hypertrophy

A

enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders

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6
Q

Name 2 examples of pathologic hypertrophy

A
  1. Hypertrophy of the heart that occurs as an adation to increased workload
  2. Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle seen with hypertension (*Banana septum)
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7
Q

Increase in the # of cells

A

hyperplasia

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8
Q

2 Examples of hyperplasia

A
  1. Endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogens

2. Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

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9
Q

2 Examples of hyperplasia and hypertrophy

A
  1. Uterine smooth muscle cells during pregnancy

2. Hyperplastic prostate (BPH) increases in size & # of glands and stroma

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10
Q

Adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit environment

A

Metaplasia

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11
Q

Metaplasia (2)

A
  • Reversible

- May progress to dysplasia

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12
Q

2 examples of metaplasia

A
  1. Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking (normal are ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
  2. Gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE junction in Barrett esophagus
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13
Q

Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection

A

Dysplasia

*precancerous

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14
Q

Best example of dysplasia

A
  1. Detection of cervical dysplasia -> cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
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15
Q

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells (malignant)

A

Anaplasia

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16
Q

Examples of Anaplasia

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
  2. Cancer of the lung
  3. Malignant melanoma
  4. Renal cell carcinoma
17
Q

Name 5 microscopic hallmarks of anaplasia

A
  1. Variation in cell size and shape (marked pleomorphism)
  2. Nuclei are irregular and hyperchromatic
  3. Nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (ex. 1:1 instead of 1:4)
  4. Large nuclei present within nucleus
  5. Large # of abnormal mitotic figures
18
Q

Death of cells in a living organism (with inflammation)

A

Necrosis

19
Q

Death of cells in a dead organism

A

Autolysis

20
Q

Name the 4 types of necrosis

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefactive
  3. Caseous
  4. Fat
21
Q

Which type of necrosis is most common

A

coagulative

22
Q

histologically cell outlines are preserved and cytoplasm appears granular

A

coagulative necrosis

-solid organs (kidney, heart, liver, spleen)

23
Q

What is the cause, most often, of coagulative necrosis

A

anoxia

24
Q

Dead cells liquiy under influence of certain enzymes and tissue becomes soft and gel-like

A

liquefactive necrosis

25
Q

Name 2 examples of liquifactive necrosis

A
  1. Brain infarction, usually soft ultimately transformed into a fluid-filled cavity
  2. Some bacterial infections in which a cavity develops (lung abcess)
26
Q

Form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms

A

Caseous necrosis

27
Q

Example of caseous necrosis

A

Tuberculosis (or histoplasmosis)

-lung granulomas with caseous necrosis inside= Ghon complex

28
Q

Special form of liquefaction necrosis caused by lipolytic enzymes

A

Fat necrosis

29
Q

Example of fat necrosis

A

Fat tissue around pancreas

  • soap forms from free fatty acids and calcium
30
Q

Necrotic tissue provides good medium for bacteria which leads to inflammation and secondary liquefaction

A

Wet gangrene

31
Q

Example of wet gangrene

A

advanced decubitus ulcer

32
Q

Necrotic tissue dries out and becomes black and mummified

A

Dry gangrene

33
Q

When is it common to see gangrene?

A

Infarction of the intestines or in a limb due to atherosclerosis or diabetes

34
Q

What are the extracellular calcium depositions called which necrotic tissue attracts?

A

Dystrophic calcifications

35
Q

Name the 4 examples where you might find dystrophic calcifications

A
  1. Atherosclerotic coronary arteriosis
  2. Mitral or aortic valves leading to inpeded flow (stenosis)
  3. Calcifications around breast cancers seen with mammogram
  4. Infant periventricular calcifications seen in congenital toxoplasmosis
36
Q

Deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury) seen with increased serum calcium levels leading to calcium deposition in locations around the body

A

Metastatic calcifications

37
Q

Name 5 examples of metastatic calcifications

A
  1. Hyperparathyroidism
  2. Vitamin D toxicity
  3. Chronic Renal Failure
  4. Calcium stones in gallbladder
  5. Calcium stones in kidney
38
Q

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

A

Calcium oxalate

Pathology (15 decks)

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