Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is oncology?

A

Branch of medicine which studies malignant tumours and treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A
  • new growth (tumour)
  • genetic disorder of cell growth triggered by acquired or less commonly inherited mutations (single cell)
  • abnormal mass of tissue
  • uncoordinated growth which exceeds that of normal tissues
  • growth persist after stimuli is removed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two categories within the classification of tumours?

A
  • clinical behaviour
  • histogenesis (tissue of origin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are classifications of tumours within clinical behaviour?

A
  • benign
  • malignant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are classifications of tumours within histogenesis?

A
  • epithelial
  • connective tissue
  • other tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Growth pattern benign vs malignant?

A
  • benign grow by method of localised expansion due to them being encapsulated (easier to remove)
  • malignant grow by metastasis (they can travel to other organs/sites in the body to form a new tumour) invasion/infiltration as they have no surrounding capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Growth rate benign vs malignant?

A
  • benign tumour growth tends to be slow
  • malignant tumour can grow rapidly, but this is variable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Histology benign vs malignant?

A
  • benign tumour cells resemble the tissue of origin (differentiation), they are the same size and shape and there may be a few mitotic cells (within normal limit)
  • malignant cells have variable resemblance to their tissue of origin, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism (different size/shapes), many mitotic cells (abnormal amount)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Clinical effects benign vs malignant?

A
  • a benign tumour can cause a lump or pressure or obstruction in the area depending on the site and size, if the arise from endocrine gland there can be an increase/decrease in hormone production, treated by local excision (surgery)
  • a malignant tumour can cause pressure or infiltration or destruction to the area, if endocrine can also affect hormone secretion, treated by local excision and chemotherapy or radiation (if metastases present)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the effects of benign tumours?

A
  • varies depending on size, site and tumour
  • palpable lump
  • pressure
  • obstruction
  • function eg hormone secretion
  • the effect may not always be benign
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an examples of a benign tumour in the head and neck?

A
  • benign tumour affecting salivary gland - pleomorphic adenoma (potential to cause pressure on facial nerve)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an example of a malignant tumour in the head and neck?

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma of tongue and larynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two components which compose all tumours?

A
  • neoplastic cells
  • reactive stroma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do neoplastic cells constitute?

A

The tumour parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the reactive stoma made up of?

A

Connective tissue, blood vessels and cells of adaptive/innate immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a malignant epithelium called?

A

Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a benign squamous epithelium?

A

Papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What shows a malignant connective tissue?

A

Sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a benign glandular epithelium?

A

Adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a malignant squamous epithelium?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a malignant glandular epithelium?

A

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity indicate?

A

Risk of likely future malignancies occurring in the oral mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a leukoplakia?

A

Which patch that cannot be rubbed off or attributed to any other cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is the potential of a malignancy assessed?

A

By taking a biopsy and assessing for dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does a tissue which shows dysplasia indicate?

A

Potential to become malignant

26
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormality (changes in shape/size) confined to epithelium

27
Q

What are potential aetiology for oral cancer?

A
  • tobacco
  • betel quid
  • alcohol
  • diet/nutrition
  • oral hygiene
  • viruses eg HPV
  • immunodeficiency
  • socioeconomic factors (deprived area)
  • GORD
28
Q

What are the two groups of factors within carcinogenesis?

A

Environmental (carcinogens)
And
Genetic

29
Q

What are carcinogens for benign tumours?

A
  • inherited
  • viruses
30
Q

What are carcinogens for malignant tumours?

A
  • chemical agents
  • physical agents
  • viruses
  • may affect tissue directly or indirectly
31
Q

What is the multi-step theory of carcinogenesis?

A
  • initiation
  • promotion
  • progression
  • latency period
32
Q

Describe the initiation step of carcinogenesis

A

Carcinogen induces a genetic change resulting in a neoplastic potential

33
Q

Describe the promotion stage of carcinogenesis

A

Another factor stimulates the initiated cell for division (clinal proliferation)

34
Q

Describe the progression step in carcinogenesis

A

Additional mutations resulting in malignancy

35
Q

What are examples of chemical carcinogens?

A
  • smoking polycyclic hydrocarbons (includes tars)
  • diet
  • drugs
  • alcohol
  • asbestos
36
Q

What are examples of physical carcinogenesis?

A
  • ionising radiation (damages DNA causing mutations)
  • radioactive metals and gases (radium bone and bone marrow tumours)
  • UV light damages skin leading to skin cancer (sun beds)
37
Q

Which type of tissues are most sensitive to radiation?

A

Embryonic tissues

38
Q

What are examples of viral carcinogenesis?

A
  • DNA viruses
  • RNA viruses
39
Q

What are the genes which accelerate cancer?

A

Oncogenes

40
Q

What are the genes which prevent cancer?

A

Tumour suppressor genes

41
Q

What are protooncogenes?

A

Normal genes which regulate cell division

42
Q

What do oncogenes produce?

A

Oncoproteins

43
Q

How do genes become deregulated?

A

Tight regulation is lost
- mutation (increased activity of product)
- excess normal product (duplication of gene/viral product)
- enhanced transcription (translocation/chromosome rearrangement)

44
Q

How do tumour suppressor genes act?

A
  • act to inhibit cell division and suppress growth
  • act as anti oncogenes
  • require loss of both alleles
  • retinoblastoma gene
45
Q

TP53

A
  • acts just before the restriction point in the cell cycle
  • stops the cell cycle to allow for DNA repair
  • initiates apoptosis if repair isn’t possible
  • often inactivated in cancer (common in HPV)
46
Q

What are examples of genetic susceptibility to cancer?

A
  • inherited cancer syndromes (single mutant genes, eg retinoblastoma)
  • familial cancer (family clusters, genes and inheritance patterns unclear, eg breast cancer)
  • defective DNA repair (increased sensitivity to carcinogens and general increased cancer risk eg xeroderma pigmetosum)
47
Q

How may a cancer cell differ

A
48
Q

What are modes of spread of malignant tumours?

A
  • local spread
  • lymphatic spread
  • blood spread (haematogenous)
  • transcoelomic spread
  • intraepithelial spread
49
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread of the malignant cells to distant organs forming secondary tumours

50
Q

What is the pattern of spread of carcinomas?

A
  • lymphatics first
  • then blood later
51
Q

What is the pattern of spread of sarcomas?

A

Blood spread (rarely lymphatic

52
Q

What is used for tumour grading?

A

Microscope

53
Q

What is used for tumour staging?

A

Clinical tests

54
Q

Describe grading of tumours

A

Histological assessment of:
- invasion into underlying tissue
- cellular atypia
- many methods eg numerical grades/low-high/degree of differentiation

55
Q

What does cancer staging describe?

A

The extent or severity of a persons cancer
- helps treatment planning
- helps estimate the persons prognosis
Methods include:
- physical exams
- imaging procedures
- lab tests
Etc.

56
Q

What clinical staging system is used for oral cancer?

A

TNM (tumour size, lymph node involvement, presence of metastases)

57
Q

How does the immune system recognise tumour cells?

A
  • tumour associate dantigens TAAs
  • neoantigens
  • products of mutated genes
  • overexpressed proteins
  • viral proteins eg HPV
58
Q

What is the tumour response to tumour antigens?

A

A cell mediated immune response
- CD8+
- NKC
- macrophages

59
Q

How do tumour cells escape immune response?

A
  • alter tumour antigen expression
  • activation of immunoregulatory pathways leading to T cell unresponsiveness and apoptosis
  • immunosuppressive factors eg cytokines which inhibit T cell response
60
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

Uses the patients own immune response to control and destroy malignant cells
- active immunisation
- reversal of immunosuppression
- adopted cell transfer
- strengthening natural immune responses

BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions