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BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity > innate immunity > Flashcards

innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

fast (1-4 days) first line of non-specific defence

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2
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

slow long lived specific and acquired

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3
Q

what do both innate and adaptive immunity have?

A

cellular components and humoral components

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4
Q

what are humoral components?

A

antibodies

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5
Q

what is tissue homeostasis?

A

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.

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6
Q

what is immune response in healthy indiviuals?

A

low to prevent uneccessary inflammation

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7
Q

what happens to the immune system during disease?

A

homeostasis is shifted to prevent infectious pathogens from entering the body and causing disease

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8
Q

is the innate immune system effective?

A

yes- regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease

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9
Q

what are non professional immune cells?

A

epithelial/endothelial cells + fibroblasts (contribute to innate immune system to prevent infection)

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10
Q

what are the three parts of the innate immune system?

A
  • epithelium
  • innate cell subsets and compliment
  • chemokines/cytokines
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11
Q

what is epithelium’s role in innate immunity?

A

Physical barrier
Produces antimicrobial peptides
Produces cytokines/chemokines

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12
Q

what are the innate cell subsets?

A

Phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils)
Antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells)

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13
Q

what are the roles of chemokines and cytokines in innate immunity?

A

Chemokine – Cell recruitment
Cytokine – Cell activation/proliferation

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14
Q

what are the components of innate immunity?

A
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15
Q

what is the role of physical barriers (epithelium) in innate immunity?

A

Epithelial barriers produce a number of different compounds e.g., in the oral cavity the following are produced;
Antimicrobial peptides
Immunoglobulins (secretory IgA)
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Cystatins
Epithelium provides structural/mechanical support

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16
Q

what do antimicrobial peptides do?

A

help to destroy the pathogens (kill microbes by binding to their membrane) or inform the immune system to respond (neutralise microbial virulence factors)

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17
Q

what are examples of antimicrobial peptides?

A

β-defensins
Human Neutrophil Peptides (HNPs)
Cathelicidins (e.g., LL-37)
Psoriasin proteins (S100 family)

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18
Q

what do SIgAs do?

A

secretory immunoglobulin A
- coat microbes for host recognition
- produced at mucosal surfaces
- binds to flagella and can prevent motility
- binds to and neutralizes bacterial toxins
- cross links target macromolecules and bacteria therefore trapping them and preventing effects on mucosa
- prevents attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces

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19
Q

what does lactoferrin do?

A

glycoprotein that transports iron ions, has antimicrobial activity
- present in saliva
- produced by neutrophils

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20
Q

what do lysozymes do?

A

target cell walls of bacteria
- present in saliva
- produced by macrophages and neutrophils

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21
Q

what do cystatins do?

A

anti-protease activity and support remineralisation of teeth

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22
Q

what is microbial recognition by the host?

A
  • Cells involved in immune responses have receptors for components of microorganisms (antigens)
  • Toxins and virulence factors = microbial antigens
  • Receptor activation orchestrates the immune response
  • Different receptors recognize different antigens from different pathogens
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23
Q

what is an example of a receptor which recognises microbes?

A

toll-like receptors

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24
Q

What do toll like receptors recognise?

A

recognise bacteria and fungi

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25
Q

what do intracellular receptors do?

A

recognise viruses

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26
Q

what are examples of toll-like receptors?

A

TLR2 TLR4

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27
Q

what do dectin and glucan receptors recognise?

A

fungi

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28
Q

what do NOD receptors recognise?

A

bacteria

29
Q

what is PRR?

A

pattern recognition receptor
- recognise microbes

30
Q

what is PAMPS?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

31
Q

describe the host cell pathogen interaction sequence

A
32
Q

what are cytokines?

A
  • small proteins
33
Q

what are examples of cytokines?

A
  • Interleukin family (e.g. IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 etc)
  • TNF family (e.g. TNF-α)
  • Interferons (e.g., IFN-γ)
  • “unassigned” (e.g., TGF-β)
34
Q

what are the three function categories of cytokines?

A

autocrine
paracrine
endocrine

35
Q

describe cytokine binding

A
  • induces conformational changes in a majority of receptors intracellularly
  • signal transduction – leads to the activation of transcription factors that leads to control of gene regulation
36
Q

what can both PRR signalling and cytokine receptor signalling lead to?

A

the transcription and subsequent translation of certain proteins

37
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

the movement of a cell in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance (e.g., chemokines)

38
Q

what are the four classes of chemokines?

A
  • C chemokines (2 members)
  • CC chemokines (31 members)
  • CXC chemokines (18 members)
  • CX3C chemokines (1 member)
39
Q

which chemokine plays an important role in oral mucosa?

A

CXCL8

40
Q

what is the most prominent cell at the oral mucosa?

A

neutrophils

41
Q

what happens to neutrophils during inflammation?

A
  • increase in number
  • attracted along a CXL8 (IL-8) (interleukin 8) gradient to site of inflammation
42
Q

what is the name of cells which control interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells?

A

cell adhesion molecules

43
Q

what are the three main families of adhesions/receptors?

A

Selectins (e.g., P and E- selectins)
Integrins (e.g., LFA-I)
Immunoglobulin superfamily

44
Q

which receptor types are generally found of endothelial cells?

A

selectins and immunoglobin

45
Q

which receptor types are generally found on migrating immune cells?

A

integrins

46
Q

what is degranulation by neutrophils?

A

Granules in cell (known as vesicles) containing numerous antimicrobial peptides and enzymes
Released upon activation of receptors (e.g. TLRs)

47
Q

what are neutrophil extracellular traps?

A

Activation induces neutrophils to release proteins and some genetic material (chromatin) to form extra-cellular fibril matrix
Trap pathogens
Many antimicrobials also associated with the NET so bacteria ‘held’ whilst ‘administered’

48
Q

how do monocytes migrate to tissues?

A

similarly to neutrophils, via cell adhesion molecules

49
Q

what are the pro-inflammatory machrophages?

A

M1

50
Q

what are the anti-inflammatory macrophages?

A

M2

51
Q

what are the two types of antigen presenting cells?

A

non-professional
professional

52
Q

what are examples of non-professional antigen presenting cells?

A

Epithelial cells/fibroblasts/endothelial cells

53
Q

what are examples of professional antigen presenting cells?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

53
Q

what are examples of professional antigen presenting cells?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

54
Q

phagocytosis

A
55
Q

antigen presentation

A

Antigen presentation is the expression of antigen molecules on the surface of a macrophage or other antigen-presenting cell in association with MHC class II molecules when the antigen is being presented to a CD4+ helper T cell or in association with MHC class I molecules when presentation is to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.

56
Q

degranulation

A
57
Q

which cell types can drive degranulation?

A

mast
natural killer
monocyte
macrophage
neutrophil

58
Q

what is the largest component of human blood?

A

plasma (composes 55%)

59
Q

what are the four enzymatic cascades systems in plasma?

A
  • complement
  • kinins
  • coagulation factors
  • fibrinolytic system
60
Q

what is the complement cascade system in plasma?

A
  • A collection of soluble proteins present in circulation.
  • Drives inflammation or opsonisation
  • Opsonisation refers to coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins
  • Three pathways; classical, alternative or lectin pathway
61
Q

what is the classical pathway of complement?

A

antibody attached to microbe

62
Q

what is the alternative pathway of complement?

A

microbial cell wall

63
Q

what is the mannose binding lectin pathway of complement?

A

carbohydrates on pathogen surface

64
Q

what are anaphylotoxins?

A
  • lead to smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage – allowing increased infiltration of immune cells to site of infection
65
Q

what triggers the complement cascade?

A

initiating factor

66
Q

C3- C5

A
67
Q

what are the functions of anaphylatoxins?

A
  • Promote immune cell recruitment
  • Increase adhesion of cells to vessel walls
  • Induces granulation
  • Promotes cytokine production
  • Induces antigen presentation
  • Regulate adaptive immune responses

BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity (12 decks)

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