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BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity > introduction to pathology > Flashcards

introduction to pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathology?

A

the study of the causes and effects of diseases

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2
Q

why is pathology important to dentists?

A
  • make correct diagnosis
  • give correct treatment
  • understand systemic diseases
  • make appropriate referrals
  • advise and educate patients
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3
Q

what is aetiology?

A

the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of disease or condition

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4
Q

what is morphology?

A

the phenotypc changes associated with a disease

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5
Q

what is pathogenesis?

A

progressive changes as disease develops

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6
Q

what is sequelae?

A

what happens next? after a disease develops

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7
Q

describe the oral disease dental caries

A

aetiology- bacterial origin
morphology- tooth decay
pathogenesis- fermentation of sugars
sequelae- fluoride treatment, remove infected tissue etc.

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8
Q

describe the oral disease periodontitis

A

Aetiology – bacterial origin (plaque)
Morphology – gingival tissue inflammation
Pathogenesis – bacterial protease activity, elevated pro-inflammatory response etc
Sequelae – physical debridement of plaque, removal of infected tissue

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9
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increase in the number of cells

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10
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

presence of abnormal cells

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11
Q

describe the oral disease oral cancer

A

aetiology- excessive alcohol/tobacco
morphology- carcinoma formation
pathogenesis- hyperplasia, dysplasia
sequelae- surgery etc.

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12
Q

what are some examples of specialties within pathology?

A
  • general
  • clinical
  • forensic
  • genetic
  • haematology
  • immunopathology
  • microbiology
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13
Q

why is it important for dentists to be aware of other body diseases?

A

they are linked with oral diseases/ have oral symptoms eg diabetes, arthritis, stroke, alzheimer’s

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14
Q

what does the term ‘surgical sieve’ mean?

A

refers to differential diagnosis in which the clinician must distinguish symptoms of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features (VITAMINCDEF) (bleeding, numbness, lump)

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15
Q

what are special pathologists?

A

microbiologist, immunologist etc.

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16
Q

what are the four key organs of the immune system?

A

thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen

17
Q

what is bone marrow?

A

a spongy tissue in the centre of bones responsible for making blood cells

18
Q

what is the thymus?

A

small organ where T cells and lymphocytes mature

19
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

small structures made up of cells which produce and store immune cells that fight infection and disease- get larger and sore when you have an infection

20
Q

what is the spleen?

A

largest lymphatic organ, contains WBCs that fight infection or disease, also helps control amount of blood in the body

21
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

subsystem of the circulatory system
- transports clean fluids back to blood
- drains excess fluids from tissues
- removed debris from cells of the body
- transports fats from the digestive system

22
Q

what are the two branches of the immune system?

A

innate and adaptive

23
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

first line of non-specific, effective defence (1-3 days)
Regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease

24
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

second line of defence specific and acquired (4-10 days)
Repeat infections met immediately with strong and specific response

25
Q

what are the componants of the innate immune system?

A
  • epithelium
  • innate cell subsets and complement
  • chemokines
26
Q

what is the function of the epithelium in innate immunity?

A

Produces antimicrobial peptides
Produces cytokines/chemokines

27
Q

what is the function of innate cell subsets in innate immunity?

A

Phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils)
Antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells)

28
Q

what is the function of chemokines in innate immunity?

A

Chemokine – Cell recruitment
Cytokine – cell activation/proliferation

29
Q

what are the cell types in adaptive immunity?

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
30
Q

what is the function of B cells in adaptive immunity?

A

produce antibodies

31
Q

what is the function of T cells in adaptive immunity?

A
32
Q

what is inflammation?

A

inflammatory response is aimed at eliminating inciting cause (forgein agents)
- invading micro-organisms
- particulate materials eg dusts
- altered self cells eg cancer cells

33
Q

what are the stages of inflammation?

A
  • initiation- response to harmful agents
  • progression- containment of harmful agents
  • amplification- modulation of immune response
  • resolution- healing (acute inflammation)
    untreated acute inflammation leads to chronic inflammation
34
Q

what is chronic?

A

unresolved, failures in control mechanism, self-damage

BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity (12 decks)

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