Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity > healing and repair > Flashcards

healing and repair Flashcards

1
Q

in which type of inflammation is the tissue completely restored?

A

acute inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which type of inflammation is associated with greater tissue destruction?

A

chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which type of inflammation can healing arise from?

A

both acute and chronic
- regeneration of infected tissue (acute)
- repair of tissue (chronic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is regeneration?

A

replacement with functional, differentiated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is repair?

A

production of a fibrous scar and changes in tissue structure/architecture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the factors which influence whether a tissue is regenerated or repaired?

A
  • severity
  • location
  • regenerative capacity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the three cell types on regeneration/repair?

A
  • labile
  • stable (conditional renewal)
  • permanent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the function of labile cells?

A
  • normal state is active cell division
  • rapid regeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is an example of labile cells in oral cavity?

A

keratinised epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are stable cells?

A
  • variable rates of regeneration
  • rapid proliferation in response to injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an example of a stable cell in the oral cavity?

A

fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are permanent cells?

A
  • unable to divide
  • unable to regenerate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is an example of a permanent cell in the oral cavity?

A

nerve fibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the four stages in healing?

A
  • coagulation phase
  • inflammation phase
  • proliferative phase
  • maturation phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the coagulation phase

A
  • haemostasis
  • clot formation (coagulation system – acute inflammation)
  • mitosis of labile/stable cells (e.g., epithelial cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the inflammation phase

A
  • macrophages/neutrophils phagocytose and degrade infectious agent
  • stimulation of certain cells (e.g., keratinocytes/fibroblasts) to start regenerating and/or repairing tissue
17
Q

describe the proliferative phase

A
  • formation of granulation tissue
  • fibroblasts are key players
  • new connective tissue (rich in collagen)
  • angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)
  • growth factors are essential
18
Q

what are the two phases of granulation tissue?

A
  • vascular granulation tissue
  • fibrous granulation tissue
19
Q

describe vascular granulation tissue phase

A
  • tissue is highly vascularised (allows flow of immune cells and plasma proteins)
  • mix of proliferating capillaries, fibroblasts, immune cells
  • new capillaries are relatively ‘leaky’ allowing cells and fluid into tissue
20
Q

describe the fibrous granulation tissue phase

A
  • more fibrous tissue
  • over time capillaries regress and immune cells return to blood
  • mature fibroblasts lay down collagen
21
Q

what colour do macrophages stain?

A

purple

22
Q

what colour do fibroblasts stain?

A

pink

23
Q

what is angiogenesis?

A

formation of new blood vessels

24
Q

what are the two mechanisms for which angiogenesis can occur?

A
  • sprouting
  • intussusceptive (splitting)
    driven by growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor)
25
Q

VEGF gradient

A
26
Q

what are examples of growth factors?

A
  • cytokines
  • hormones
27
Q

what are growth factors?

A
  • promote/inhibit cell growth and differentiation
  • bind receptors on cell surfaces
  • homeostatic production (balance in health)
  • alteration in this balance causes dysregulated cellular proliferation and survival of abnormal cells
28
Q

what are the functions of growth factors?

A
  • promote cell survival
  • locomotion
  • contractility
  • differentiation
  • angiogenesis
29
Q

what is fibrosis?

A
  • deposition of collagen and formation of excess fibrous connective tissue
  • driven by fibroblasts and macrophages
  • arises with substantial or repeated damage eg chronic inflammation
  • macrophages M1 or M2 control fibroblast function
30
Q

describe the role of macrophages in fibrosis

A
  • M2 macrophages are essential in healing and repair
  • engulf/degrade
  • produce growth factors eg TGFB, PDGF, VEGF etc
31
Q

describe the maturation phase of healing

A
  • disorganised granulation tissue remodelled by remaining cells
  • collagen fibres are cross linked along tension lines
  • re-epithelisation (growth factors)
  • regain of tensile strength (up 80% of pre-injury strength)
  • fibrous scar remains (in repair)
  • tissue remodelling
32
Q

what is primary intentions?

A

regeneration of tissue (acute)

33
Q

what is secondary intentions?

A

regeneration and repair (chronic)

34
Q

what are the phases of healing in a hard tissue eg bone?

A
  • inflammatory phase
  • repairing phase
  • remodelling phase
35
Q

describe the inflammatory stage of fracture healing

A
  • hematoma formation (blood clot within the tissue) at fracture
  • occurs within 48 hours
  • acute inflammatory response – inflammatory infiltrate scavenge debris and dying tissue
  • bone cells deprived of oxygen/blood supply die off
36
Q

describe the repairing stage of fracture healing

A
  • capillaries form into hematoma
  • occurs within weeks
  • fibroblasts produce collagen fibers
  • osteoblasts form spongy bone
  • granulation tissue forms (similar to soft tissue healing)
  • granulation tissue becomes the fibrocartilage callus (soft callus)
  • cells involved in bone remodelling (chondrocytes and osteoblasts) produce cartilage and bone
  • remaining granulation tissue is ossified (turned to bone)
  • formation of hard bone callus at fracture site (known as Fracture Callus or woven bone)
  • cccurs within months
37
Q

describe the remodelling stage of fracture healing

A
  • osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the hard bone callus (resorption vs deposition of bone)
  • cortical bone replaces woven bone.
  • takes between months and years – may never fully repair
  • angiogenesis essential in bone regeneration and repair

BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions