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BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity > defence cells > Flashcards

defence cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is microbial dysbiosis?

A

dental plaque build up

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2
Q

does removal of plaque always resolute periodontitis?

A

no

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3
Q

what happens to the immune and inflammatory cells in the periodontium during progression of periodontitis?

A

increase

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4
Q

what are examples of innate immune cells?

A

monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils/basophils - all come from stem cells in the bone marrow

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5
Q

describe monocytes

A

circulate blood as precursors, migrate into tissues and differentiate into mactophages

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6
Q

describe macrophages

A
  • early responders to infection/tissue damage
  • long lived with multiple functions
  • phacocytose (digest microbial cells) and present antigens
  • major role in orcestrating immune response
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7
Q

describe mast cells

A
  • Granulocytes (granules released have antimicrobial effect)
  • Early responders to infection or tissue damage
  • Migrate from blood and differentiate in tissues (blood precursors not well defined)
  • Protect against pathogens (particularly parasitic worms)
  • Best known for role in allergy
  • produce histamine
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8
Q

what does a loss of mast cells lead to?

A

enhanced disease progression

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9
Q

describe neutrophils

A
  • Phagocytic granulocytes- granules contain degradative enzymes and antimicrobial substances
  • Most numerous/important cells in innate immune responses
  • Circulate in blood and move into tissue when required
  • Contain numerous granules (intracellular vesicles)
  • release neutrophil extracellular traps- catch microbes to prevent infection
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10
Q

describe basophils and eosinophils

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Less abundant than neutrophils
  • Contain granules – degradative enzymes and antimicrobials
  • Eosinophils play a major role in defence against parasites as larger than neutrophils so can ingest larger threats
  • Both also contribute to allergy
  • basophils produce histamine
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11
Q

what are the two categories of defence cells?

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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12
Q

what are examples of myeloid cells?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Mast cells
Eosinophils
Basophils

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13
Q

what are examples of innate and adaptive cells?

A
  • dendritic cells
  • natural killer cells
  • innate lymphoid cells
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14
Q

describe dendritic cells

A
  • Derived from myeloid and lymphoid lineage
  • Several types of DCs (e.g., Langerhans cells)
  • Main role is antigen presentation, and to orchestrate adaptive immune response
  • Move from tissues to lymph nodes passing on - information
  • Activate T cell and B cells
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15
Q

what do the spindle like structures off of dendritic cells do?

A

detect antigens

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16
Q

how does memory generation from dendritic cells work?

A
  • Immature dendritic cells take up and process antigen in the epidermis
  • Once taken up antigen they migrate to lymph nodes and differentiate along the way
  • Mature dendritic cells have co-stimulatory activity and can prime naïve T cells
  • They can also transfer antigen to other dendritic cells resident in the lymph node
17
Q

describe natural killer cells- dont worry too much

A
  • Considered part of innate immunity (unlike myeloid cells)
  • Large cells with granules
  • Recognize and kill abnormal cells/tumours/viral infected cells
  • Important for ‘holding back’ virus infections until adaptive immunity kicks in
  • Have a cytotoxic activity – can attach and degrade abnormal cells through release of lytic granules
18
Q

describe innate lymphoid cells

A
  • Non-cytotoxic members of NK cell family
  • Innate immune cell of lymphoid origin (not myeloid)
  • Link innate and adaptive immune immunity
  • Three main subsets (ILC1s, ILC2s and ILC3s)
  • Produce effectors (cytokines) similar to T cell
19
Q

what are examples of adaptive immune cells?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
20
Q

describe T cells

A
  • T cells although they are derived from the bone marrow they mature in the Thymus (hence the ‘T’)
  • Circulate in the blood and the lymph and are found in large numbers in lymphoid organs
  • T cells give rise to cellular immunity
  • Evolved to protect against intracellular microbes and to help B cells responses
  • Recognize peptides presented by APCs through the T Cell Receptor (TCR)
  • Diversity in TCR (can respond to numerous antigens): T cell repertoire
  • Checkpoints in place however to ensure T cells only respond to foreign pathogens and not ‘self peptides’
21
Q

what are the three main types of T cells?

A
  • T helper cells (CD4+) function to help support other immune cells to fight threats
  • Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) destroy our own cells which have become infected (usually virus-related)
  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) regulate or suppress other cells in the immune system
  • All T cells start as a naïve cell and have receptor for very specific proteins (e.g., antigens via DC presentation)
22
Q

what are the 3 signals of CD4+ T cells?

A

1’ MHC-TCR interaction
2’ co-stimulatory molecules interactions (CD80/CD86 and CD40 on DC —- CD40L and CD28 on T cell)
3’ signal dictates what T helper cell the naïve cell becomes

23
Q

describe B cells

A
  • 2 main types- plasma and memory B cells
  • Communicate with T cells
  • Have a specific B cell receptor for antigens
  • B cells produce antibodies
  • Clonal expansion leads to generation of two subsets
  • Plasma cells are great big antibody factories
  • Memory B cells are important to mount a quicker antibody response to any subsequent infections

BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity (12 decks)

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