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BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity > acute inflammation > Flashcards

acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

what is acute inflammation?

A

response of living tissue to infection/ damage

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2
Q

what are the three main processes involved in acute inflammation?

A

Vascular dilation
Increased vascular permeability
Neutrophil activation and migration

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3
Q

how long does acute inflammation last?

A

develops quickly and lasts only a few hours to days

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4
Q

what are the four main causes of acute inflammation?

A
  • microbial infection
  • physical agents
  • irritant and corrosive chemicals
  • tissue necrosis (tissue death)
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5
Q

what are examples of physical agents which can cause acute inflammation?

A

Physical trauma
Ultraviolet or other ionizing radiation
Heat (burns)
Cold (frostbite)

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6
Q

what are examples of physical agents which can cause acute inflammation?

A

Physical trauma
Ultraviolet or other ionizing radiation
Heat (burns)
Cold (frostbite)

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7
Q

what are examples of irritants and corrosive chemicals which can cause acute inflammation?

A
  • acid, alkali and oxidising agents
  • microbial virulence factors
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8
Q

what is tissue necrosis?

A

death of tissue due to:
- lack of O2 or nutrients
- inadequate blood flow (infarction)

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9
Q

what are the consequences of acute inflammation?

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
  • loss of function
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10
Q

why does redness arise in acute inflammation?

A

dilation of small blood vessels

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11
Q

why does heat arise in acute inflammation?

A

increased blood flow (hyperaemia)

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12
Q

why does swelling arise in acute inflammation?

A

accumulation of fluid in extra vascular space (oedema)

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13
Q

why does pain arise in acute inflammation?

A

Stretching/distortion of tissues due to oedema.
Chemical mediators induce pain

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14
Q

what is the best example of acute inflammation?

A

gingivitis

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15
Q

describe the initiation, progression, amplification and resolution of gingivitis

A
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16
Q

what is amplification?

A

recruitment and activation of innate immune cels via chemokine/cytokine activity and vascular dilation

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17
Q

what are chemokines and cytokines produced by?

A

macrophages and epithelial cells

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18
Q

describe vascular response

A

Small blood vessels adjacent to site of damage become dilated
Endothelial cells swell and retract
Exudation – the vessels become ‘leaky’ and allow passage of water, salts and some proteins
Endothelial cells activated to promote immune cells passage to damaged tissues

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19
Q

what is oedema?

A

an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body (swelling)

20
Q

what does inflammatory exudate provide to the tissue?

A

Fluids and salts
Glucose and oxygen
Complement proteins and antibodies
Fibrin (long insoluble filamentous protein)

21
Q

what are the two sub groups within mediators?

A

chemical and protein

22
Q

give examples of chemical mediators

A

histamine
bradykinin
prostaglandins

23
Q

where is histamine stored?

A

granules of immune cells such as mast cells

24
Q

what process released hsitamine?

A

degranulation

25
Q

what are the functions of histamine?

A

Role as a neurotransmitter – itching
Causes vascular dilation

26
Q

what is prostaglandin produces by?

A

macrophages and neutrophils

27
Q

what is the most abundant type of prostaglandins?

A

prostaglandins E2

28
Q

what are the functions of prostaglandins?

A
  • vascular dilation
  • Regulate cytokine production
  • Regulate cell recruitment
  • Act on nerve fibres – pain
  • Involved in tissue remodeling
29
Q

when are prostaglandins released?

A

in response to numerous stimuli

30
Q

what regulates prostaglandins?

A

the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase II

31
Q

what are the four enzymatic cascades involved in plasma factors?

A

Complement
The kinin system
Coagulation
Fibrinolytic system

32
Q

what can activate all the enzymatic cascades in plasma factors?

A

coagulation factor XII

33
Q

what is kallikrein generated by in the kinin system?

A

hageman factor (coagulation factor XII)

34
Q

what is the function of kallikrein?

A

converts kininogens to kinins

35
Q

what are the three pathways of the coagulation system?

A
  • intrinsic
  • extrinsic
  • common throbin
36
Q

when is the intrinsic coagulation pathway activated?

A

when blood comes into contact with sub-endothelial connective tissues (outside blood vessel)

37
Q

what do all three of the coagulation system pathways lead to?

A

production of fibrin (blood clot)

38
Q

what does the fibrinolytic system result in?

A

the activation of plasmin
(prevents excess clotting in health)

39
Q

what is haemostasis?

A

the balance between the coagulation and fibrinolytic system

40
Q

what does haemostasis mean?

A

to stop the flow of blood

41
Q

what are examples of congenital coagulation disorders?

A

Von Willebrand disease (VWD)
Haemophilia A
Haemophilia B

42
Q

what are examples of acquired coagulation disorders?

A

Warfarin
Heparin

43
Q

what is an outcome of acute inflammation which can lead to chronic inflammation?

A

abscess formation (suppuration)

44
Q

what are the three types of dental abscess?

A

Gingival abscess
Periodontal abscess
Periapical abscess

45
Q

what is pus?

A

bacteria with dead and dying neutrophils

46
Q

how is acute inflammation resolved?

A

Minimal cell death and tissue damage
Occurrence in tissues with regenerative capacity
Rapid elimination of causative agent
Rapid removal of fluid and debris by vascular/lymphatic drainage

47
Q

how is acute inflammation resolved?

A

Minimal cell death and tissue damage
Occurrence in tissues with regenerative capacity
Rapid elimination of causative agent
Rapid removal of fluid and debris by vascular/lymphatic drainage

BDS1 BAMS pathology and immunity (12 decks)

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