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Pathology > NEOPLASIA-1 > Flashcards

NEOPLASIA-1 Flashcards

Covers powerpoints 1-4 1. Nomenclature 2. Benign v/s malignant 3. Molecular Basis of Cancer

1
Q
  1. The most common tumors in women in terms of incidence
  2. The most common tumors in women in terms of mortality
A
  1. breast, lung, and colon/rectum
  2. lung, breast, and colorectal
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2
Q

Malignant tumor arising in bone

A

Osteosarcoma

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3
Q

1. Identify the condition using the clues provided

◦increased risk at an early age for developing skin cancers (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma

◦UV radiation causes cross-linking of pyrimidine residues, preventing normal DNA replication.

2. How is this damage repaired in normal individuals?

A
  1. Xeroderma pigmentosum
  2. Nucleotide excision repair
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4
Q

Malignant tumor arising in cartilaginous tissue

A

Chondrosarcoma

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5
Q
  1. Primary/ Metastatic?
  2. Why?
A
  1. Metastatic
  2. two important features - Multiple, central umbilication with necrosis .

Umbilication refers to the nodular appearance and necrosis occurs as the tumor deposits outgrow their blood supply

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6
Q

a benign tumor arising in fibrous tisssue

A

FIBROMA

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7
Q

a neoplasm, benign or malignant, that produces a macroscopically visible projection above a mucosal surface and projects into a lumen

A

Polyp

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8
Q

heterotopic rest of cells appearing as a congenital anomaly

A

Choristoma

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9
Q
  1. Tumor containing recognizable mature or immature cells or tissues representative of more than one germ cell layer
  2. most common site?
A
  1. Teratoma
  2. Ovaries
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10
Q

How does p53 accomplish the following?

a. cell cycle arrest
b. apoptosis

A

a. acts through p21 to cause cell cycle arrest
b. induces BAX to cause apoptosis

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11
Q

Identify the inherited condition predisposing to cancer assoc with mutation of the following gene

p53

A

Li Fraumeni Syndrome

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12
Q
  1. disorganized but benign-appearing masses composed of cells indigenous to the particular site
  2. List 2 examples
A
  1. Hamartoma
  2. Pulmonary hamartoma

Peutz Jegher polyp

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13
Q

When dysplastic changes are marked and involve the entire thickness of the epithelium but the lesion remains confined by the basement membrane

A

carcinoma in situ

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14
Q
  1. List 3 conditions assoc with Defects in DNA Repair by Homologous Recombination

2. What enzyme does the defective gene in Bloom Syndrome normally encode?

A
  1. a. Bloom Syndrome (hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation) b. Ataxia telangiectasia c. Fanconi’s anemia (hypersensitivity to DNA cross linking agents)
  2. helicase
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15
Q

Identify the material and cancer assoc with this occupation

Refrigerant/ adhesive for plastics

A

Vinyl chloride- Hepatic angiosarcoma

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16
Q

1.Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following tumor suppressor gene

RB1

  1. What is the normal function of this gene?
A
  1. Familial retinoblastoma syndrome (retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma and other sarcomas)
  2. Inhibitor of G1/S cell cycle transition
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17
Q

a benign cartilaginous tumor

A

chondroma

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18
Q

Even in the presence of ample oxygen, cancer cells shift their glucose metabolism away from the oxygen hungry, but efficient, mitochondria to glycolysis

A

Warburg effect

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19
Q

Malignant tumor arising in fibrous tissue

A

Fibrosarcoma

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20
Q
  1. The most common tumors in men in terms of incidence
  2. The most common tumors in men in terms of mortality
A
  1. prostate, lung, and colon/rectum
  2. lung, prostate, and colorectal
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21
Q
  1. Identify the familial tumor assoc with mutation of the following tumor suppressor gene

E- cadherin

  1. What are the 2 sporadic cancers assoc with mutation of E-cadherin?
A
  1. Familial gastric carcinoma
  2. Lobular carcinoma - breast

Gastric carcinoma

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22
Q

7 ESSENTIAL ALTERATIONS FOR MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
  2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
  3. Evasion of apoptosis
  4. Limitless replicative potential
  5. Sustained angiogenesis
  6. Ability to invade and metastasize
  7. Defects in DNA repair
23
Q
  1. divergent differentiation of a single neoplastic clone along two lineages
  2. example?
A
  1. Mixed tumor
  2. Pleomorphic adenoma
24
Q

Malignant tumor arising from skeletal muscle cells

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

25
Q

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene

ERBB1

A

Adenocarcinoma of lung

26
Q

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene

PDGF

A

Astrocytoma

27
Q
  1. Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following tumor suppressor gene

p53

  1. How will you identify this syndrome on clinical presentation?
A
  1. Li- Fraumeni syndrome
  2. You will see a family history of different lineage tumors- sarcomas, breast cancer, leukemias, brain tumors, and carcinomas of the adrenal cortex

(sarcomas, carcinomas and hematopoietic tumors)

28
Q

lack of differentiation

A

Anaplasia

29
Q

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following tumor suppressor gene

SMAD2, SMAD4

A

Juvenile polyposis

30
Q

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene

RET

A

MEN 2A

MEN 2B

FAMILIAL MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA

31
Q

Identify the inherited condition predisposing to cancer assoc with mutation of the following gene

PTEN

A

Cowden Syndrome

32
Q

Identify the inherited condition predisposing to cancer assoc with mutation of the following gene

APC

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis

33
Q

tumor composed of benign fat cells with empty spaces.

A

LIPOMA

34
Q

benign epithelial neoplasm derived from glands

A

adenoma

35
Q

What is the mode of activation of tumor following mutation of N-myc and L-myc in neuroblastoma and small cell cancer of lung?

A

Amplification

36
Q
  1. Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene

NF-1

  1. What is the normal function of this gene?
A
  1. Neurofibromatosis (mutliple neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors)
  2. Inhibitor of RAS/MAPK signaling
37
Q

Identify the material and cancer assoc with this occupation

Principla component of light oil, printing industry

A

Benzene- Acute myeloid leukemias

38
Q

Identify the inherited condition predisposing to cancer assoc with mutation of the following gene

MSH2, MLH1, MLH6

A

HNPCC/Lynch Syndrome

39
Q

Malignant tumor arising in mesenchymal tissue

A

sarcoma

40
Q

benign smooth muscle tumor

A

leiomyoma

41
Q

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene

BRAF

A

Melanoma

42
Q

1. Identify the following condition using the clues provided

  • familial carcinomas of the colon affecting predominantly the cecum and proximal colon
  • Assoc with mutation of the MSH2 , MLH1 genes
  1. What is the primary role of these genes?
  2. What is one hallmark of patients with these gee defects?
A
  1. HNPCC/Lynch Syndrome
  2. DNA mismatch repair
  3. microsatellite instability
43
Q

Benign epithelial neoplasms producing microscopically or macroscopically visible finger-like or warty projections from epithelial surfaces

A

papillomas

44
Q

Malignant tumor arising from smooth muscle cells

A

Leiomyosarcoma

45
Q

the first node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor

A

Sentinel lymph node

46
Q

Identify this tumor and grade it

A

Squamous cell carcinoma; well-differentiated

47
Q

Identify the material and cancer assoc with this occupation

Shipbuilding yard, roofing industry, insulation

A

Asbestos- mesothelioma, bronchogenic adenocarcinoma

48
Q

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene

KRAS

A

Lung, colon,pancreatic tumors

49
Q

Tumors that produce papillary patterns and protrude into cystic spaces

A

papillary cystadenomas.

50
Q

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene

ERBB2

A

Breast carcinoma

51
Q

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following tumor suppressor gene

VHL

A

Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome

(renal cell carcinoma, cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angioma)

52
Q

Identify the material and cancer assoc with this occupation

Mining of uranium in underground mines

A

Radon- lung carcinomas

53
Q

What is the below mentioned entity an example of?

gastric tissue located in distal ileum in Meckel diverticulum

A

Choristoma

54
Q

90% of malignancies of the head and neck region belong to which subtype?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas

Pathology (18 decks)

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