Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 4 Child Health > Neonataology > Flashcards

Neonataology Flashcards

1
Q

Define preterm

A

<37 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define very preterm

A

<32 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define extremely preterm

A

<28 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define term

A

37-42 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define post term

A

> 42 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define foetal loss

A

<23 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define low birth weight

A

<2.5kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define very low birth weight

A

<1.5kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define extremely low birth weight

A

<1kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define small for gestational age

A

<10th centile in weight for expected gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define appropriate for gestational age

A

10-90th centile in weight for gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define large for gestational age

A

> 90th centile in weight expected for gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RF for preterm births

A 
multiple pregnancy 
uterine/cervical pathology 
chronic health conditions in mother e.g. BP, DM, clotting 
infections in pregnancy 
smoking, alcohol, illicit drugs 
idiopathic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most preterm babies <28wk will need help with transitioning to air breathing, this is called resuscitation, true or false

A

false, not resuscitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the difference between preterm and term babies when they are born

A 
preterm: 
get colder faster 
more fragile lungs 
dont breathe effectively 
fewer reserves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is cord clamping delayed for a minute in premature babies

A

to allow placental transfusion

‘optimal cord clamping’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how can you keep the preterm baby warm during cord clamping

A

place them in a plastic bag while still wet under a radiant heater
reduces heat loss from convection and evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do you manage the airway in a premature newborn

A

neutral head positioning - over extension will block the airway
jaw thrust
suction, gentle and only if secretions are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what can happen if the premature newborns lungs are overinflated

A

damage leading to inflammation and long term morbidity (broncho pulmonary dysplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

common concerns in the preterm infant

A 
temp control 
feeding and nutrition - late sucking reflex
sepsis 
system immaturity 
- RDS 
- PDA 
- IVH 
- NEC
Metabolic 
ROP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hypothermia in a preterm infant increases severity of all preterm morbidities, true or false

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why is thermal regulation in preterm babies ineffective

A

low BMR
minimal muscular activity
SC fat negligible
high SA:bodymass ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

methods of warming a preterm baby

A

skin to skin
plastic bag / wrap
transwarmer mattress
prewarmed incubator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why are preterm babies at risk of nutritional compromise

A

lower reserves
immature metabolic pathways
increased nutritional demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is gestational correction

A

adjusts the measurements to account for the number of weeks a baby was born early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how do calculate gestational age for a preterm baby

A

corrected age = chronological age - weeks of prematurity

where weeks of prematurity = 40-gestational age at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which gestation do you correct gestational age

A

<37 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how long to do you continue to correct gestational age

A

1 year for 32-36/40wk

2 years for <32/40wk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

causes of infections in premature babies

A 
septicaemia 
meningitis 
resp infections 
diarrhoea 
neonatal tetanus 
line infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how can neonatal sepsis be classified

A

early onset - bacteria acquired before/during delivery

late onset - after delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

organisms causing neonatal sepsis

A

GBS
Gram negatives: klebsiella, E coli, pseudomonas, salmonella
Gram positives: coag - Staph (especially with lines/plastic), staph A, strep pneumoniae, strep pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Incubators Increase Infection, true or false

A

true!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

respiratory complications of prematurity

A

resp distress syndrome
apnoea of prematurity
bronchopulmonary dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is resp distress syndrome/hyalline membrane disease

A

alveoli are immature and dont produce surfactant, this and structural immaturity resulting in alveolar damage, exudate, inflammation and resulting in fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

clinical features of RDS

A 
tachypnoea
grunting 
intercostal recession 
nasal flaring 
cyanosis 
worsens over min-hours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

management of RDS

A

maternal steroids
surfactant
ventilation - invasive/noninvasive

37
Q

there is a hazy appearance of the lungs in RDS CXR, true or false

A

true
due to poor aeration of alveoli = ground glass appearance
also, presence of bronchograms

38
Q

CVS concerns in a preterm infant

A

PDA

systemic hypotension

39
Q

features of intraventricular haemorrhage

A

begins with bleeding in the germinal matrix

most occur in the first day of life

40
Q

how can you investigate an intraventricular haemorrhage

A

USS through the fontanelle

41
Q

what are the major RF for intraventricular haemorrhage

A

prematurity

RDS - hypoxia, unstable cerebral circulation

42
Q

clinical presentation of intraventricular haemorrhage

A

clinically silent
intermittent deterioration: hypoxia, pallor, hypotension, irritable, apnoea
CVS collpase

43
Q

preventing intraventricular haemorrhage

A 
antenatal steroids
prompt resus 
avoid: 
hypoxia
hypercapnia 
hyperoxia 
hypocarbia 
swinging BP
44
Q

what is NEC

A

necrotising enterocolitis is the most common neonatal surgical emergency
widespread necrosis in small and large intestines

45
Q

clinical presentation of NEC

A

usually recovering from RDS
lethargy, distended abdomen
bloody stools, temp instability, apnoea, bradycardia

46
Q

when is retinopathy of prematurity evident

A

after 6-8 weeks

from too much oxygen therapy

47
Q

what are early and late metabolic complications of prematurity

A

early - hypoglycaemia, hyponatraemia

late - osteopaenia of prematurity

48
Q

when is a newborn examination carried out

A

between 6-24 hours of life

before 72 hours

49
Q

reasons for carrying out the newborn examination

A

screen for problems
alleviate concerns
health promotion
continuity of care record

50
Q

overview of the newborn exam

A

resp and heart - when baby is settled
head to toes
front and back
hips and moro reflexes last

51
Q

important aspects of the history to ask about before carrying out a neonatal examination

A 
gestation, weight, height, head circumference and centiles 
FH - hips, heart, eyes, ears... 
antenatal complications 
delivery mode - resus?
presentation 
feeding 
urine and bowels
52
Q

normal APGAR score

A

> =8/10

53
Q

assistance vs resuscitation in premature babies

A

assistance to help transition to air breathing

resuscitation is more aggressive and uses drugs etc

54
Q

neonatal life support algorithm

A 
ABCDE 
Allow delayed cord clamping
Keep baby warm 
Airway - they have small floppy airways 
Breathing - lungs are fragile, CPAP
55
Q

what is the triad of hypothermia

A

hypothermia can lead to hypoglycaemia and hypoxia

hypoglycaemia exacerbates hypoxia

56
Q

nutritional options for preterm babies

A 
breast milk (mothers ideally, donor milk is available also)
parenteral nutrition (TPN) - IV feed
preterm formula
57
Q

what do you do if there is abdominal concern in a newborn

A

stop feeding/putting things into tummy
examination - tense, tender
vomit? stool?

58
Q

AXR features of NEC

A

air within the bowel wall
thickened loops of bowel
if severe: it can rupture and perforate - free air in abdomen (football sign)

59
Q

risk of RDS

A

pneumothorax

60
Q

complication of IVH

A

hydrocephalus
blood tries to break down and is taken up by CSF, but it is full of protein and so clogs up the CSF drainage leading to hydrocephalus
also, cerebral palsy

61
Q

what is grunting

A

sign of resp distress

expiration against a closed glottis

62
Q

2 doses of maternal steroids

A

RDS
sepsis
haemorrhage
NEC

63
Q

Magnesium sulphate

A

neuroprotection

64
Q

normal HR in newborn

A

> 100

65
Q

first thing to do in a newborn resuscitation

A

dry them / rubbing

66
Q

what do you do first in newborn resuscitation, compressions or breaths

A

breaths

67
Q

RDS RF

A 
male 
Maternal DM and HTN 
IUGR <29weeks 
Sepsis 
Hypothermia 
C-section delivery 
Second twin
68
Q

treatment for RDS

A

surfactant ideally within 6 hours of birth

69
Q

when is surfactant produced

A

naturally produced from 24 weeks but only produced in sufficient amounts by 34 weeks

70
Q

what drugs are given to all preterm babies

A

Vit K - to prevent haemorrhagic disease of the newborn, IVH
Caffeine - preventing apnoeic episodes and neuroprotective
ABIDEC - multivitamin
Sytron - iron

71
Q

features of NEC

A

bilious vomiting
bloody stool
abdominal distension

72
Q

RF for NEC

A

prematurity
IUGR
formula feeding
umbilical arterial lines

73
Q

what is grunting

A

breathing against a closed glottis giving themselves CPAP

74
Q

what is surfactant

A 
a molecule (phospholipid and apoprotein) that helps to reduce surface tension
helps to keep lungs open
75
Q

what gestation do babies make surfactant

A

around 30-32 weeks

76
Q

management of pneumothorax

A

aspirate

chest drain

77
Q

what is chronic lung disease/BPD

A

oxygen requirement beyond 36 weeks corrected gestation plus evidence of pulmonary parenchymal disease on CXR

78
Q

what is synergis

A

MAB IgG against RSV in at risk babies

79
Q

at what gestation do premature babies learn to suck e.g. from a bottle

A

~32 weeks

80
Q

what is term

A

37-41 weeks

81
Q

when babies are born, what do they breathe through, their mouth or nose?

A

they are obligate nose breathers

therefore have to take care with NG tube (can do an OG tube)

82
Q

trophic feed

A

minimal enteral nutrition

tiny amount of breast feed to stimulate the gut

83
Q

baby acne

A

present on baby’s cheek / face
mix of black comedones, pustules and papules
harmless, goes away and doesnt scar
(erythema toxicum is all over)

84
Q

physiological jaundice is un/conjugated

A

unconjugated

water insoluble

85
Q

breastfed babies are commonly jaundiced, true or false

A

true

86
Q

Is UV light used in phototherapy for jaundice

A

no
it is coloured light
light therapy NOT UV therapy resulting in photoisomerisation ie breaking down bilirubin to a soluble molecule to be peed out

87
Q

consequences of raised bilirubin

A

encepahlopathy
kernicterus
CP

88
Q

waiters tip posture

A

erbs palsy

C5-6

Year 4 Child Health (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions