Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 4 Child Health > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

what congenital heart condition is associated with trisomy 21

A

VSD and AVSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what congenital heart condition is associated with trisomy 18 and 13

A

VSD

DORV = double outlet RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what congenital heart condition is associated with Turner’s syndrome

A

coarctation of the aorta

bicuspid aortic valve - aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what congenital heart condition is associated with DiGeorges syndrome

A

truncus arteriosus
interrupted Aortic arch
tetralogy of fallot
VSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

structure to history taking for paed cardiology

A

baby well/unwell
symptoms of cardiac disease: breathlessness, difficulty feeding, sweating with feeding, cyanosis
additional RF: premature, other anomalies/syndrome, FH of CHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

approach to CVS exam

A

inspection: work of breathing, tachypnoea, cyanosis, scars
palpation: apex, heaves, thrills
auscultation: HS I+II, murmurs
additional: peripheral pulses, saturations, growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is acrocyanosis

A

acral = extremities
blue hands and feet
blue around your mouth, NOT in your mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

perioral blueness is a sign of cardiac disease, true or false

A

false - may be acrocyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

intermittent central cyanosis is a feature of which congenital heart condition

A

tetralogy of fallot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the SCRIPT mnemonic for describing murmurs

A 
Site - ULSE/URSE/LLSE/apex
Character 
Radiation - carotids, axilla
Intensity - grade 1-6
Pitch 
Positional changes 
Timing - systolic/diastolic/continuous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

features of innocent murmurs

A 
very common in children 
'flow murmur' - blood is whooshing from fast HR
physiological 
<3/6
short systolic - NEVER diastolic or associated with a thrill 
asymptomatic - baby is fine
variable with position 
loudest at LLSE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how can congenital heart disease present

A

antenatal detection
newborn baby check
neonatal collapse
6 week check

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in newborns, right ventricular pressure is equal to LV pressure but what happens over the next few weeks

A

RV pressure falls and becomes less than LV pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

types of congenital heart disease

A

acyanotic

cyanotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are examples of acyanotic congenital heart disease

A 
VSD 
ASD
pulmonary stenosis 
AVSD 
PDA 
aortic stenosis 
coarctation of the aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are examples of cyanotic congenital heart disease

A

TOF

TGA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

causes of collapsed neonate when their duct shuts

A

systemic and cyanotic duct dependent lesions

dependent on ductus arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

examples of systemic duct dependent lesions

A

hypoplastic left heart syndrome
critical aortic stenosis
interrupted aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

examples of cyanotic duct dependent lesions

A

TGA

pulmonary atresia with intact septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is meant by systemic duct dependent lesion

A

severe obstruction of blood out of left side of the heart

systemic circulation os dependent on the PDA and so needs to be kept open until further management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is meant by cyanotic duct dependent lesion

A

there is obstruction to pulmonary blood flow (blood going to lungs) OR lack of oxygenation of systemic blood
reliant on PDA - keep open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is ASD

A

atrial septal defect
oxygenated blood from LA is shunted through hole into RA
this causes enlargement of both atria, RV and pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is VSD

A

ventricular septal defect
oxygenated blood from LV is shunted through hole into RV
this causes enlargement of both ventricles, pulmonary artery, exposing them to abnormally high pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is AVSD

A

atrioventricular septal defect

complete lack of AV septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is PDA

A

patent ductus arteriosus

blood from aorta is shunted through PDA into pulmonary artery resulting in L-R shunt and increased pulmonary blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is coarctation

A

severe narrowing of the aorta in the region of the ductus arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the features of Tetralogy of Fallot TOF

A
  1. pulmonary stenosis
  2. RVH
  3. VSD
  4. overriding aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is transposition of the great arteries TGA

A
  1. aorta arising from RV instead of LV
    unoxygenated blood is delivered to the body
  2. pulmonary artery arising from LV instead of RV
    well oxygenated blood is delivered back to the lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is hypoplastic left heart syndrome HLHS

A
  1. hypoplastic ascending aorta and aortic arch
  2. hypoplastic LV
  3. large PDA (only source of blood to body with R=L shunt)
  4. ASD - allows blood returning from lungs to LA into RA then RV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the most common congenital heart defect

A

VSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

outcome of VSD

A

if small, close without intervention

if large, present with heart failure and may need surgery

32
Q

symptoms of cardiac disease in neonates

A 
breathlessness 
difficulty feeding and gaining weight 
pee and poo less 
sweating with feeding 
cyanosis
33
Q

signs of increased work of breathing

A 
tracheal tug 
nasal flare 
grunting 
intercostal recession 
subcostal recession
34
Q

what is grunting

A

breathing against closed glottis
gives themselves CPAP
breath out against pressure to prevent atelectasis

35
Q

periodic breathing

A

breath fast then slow

36
Q

what is a heave

A

palpable impulse

37
Q

acrocyanosis is different from central cyanosis, true or false

A

true
central cyanosis will have blueness IN the mouth as opposed to acrocyanosis which is a functional peripheral vascular disorder with mottled skin caused by vasospasm in response to the cold

38
Q

what is a thrill

A

palpable murmur

39
Q

vast majority of murmurs in kids >1 are likely to be innocent murmurs, true or false

A

true

40
Q

what grade must a murmur be if you feel a thrill

A

grade 4 at least

41
Q

cause of collapsed neonate when their duct shuts

A

duct dependent disease

42
Q

What are the 5 ‘S’ you can use to describe an innocent murmur

A 
Soft 
Short 
Systolic 
Symptomless 
Situation dependent
43
Q

Give examples of pan systolic murmurs

A

mitral regurgitation
tricuspid regurgitation
VSD

44
Q

give examples of ejection systolic murmurs

A

aortic stenosis
pulmonary stenosis
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

45
Q

what is splitting of the SII and why does it happen

A

this is when the pulmonary valve closes straight after the aortic valve making SII appear ‘split’
during inspiration, more venous blood enters the right side of the heart, and so takes longer to empty resulting in the pul valve closing slightly later

46
Q

what types of murmur do you hear in ASD

A

mid systolic murmur loudest at left upper sternal edge

with FIXED splitting of SII i.e. does not vary with breathing

47
Q

what murmur do you hear in PDA

A

continuous machine like murmur

48
Q

what murmurs can you hear in TOF

A

pulmonary stenosis - ejection systolic at 2nd ICS left sternal edge
? pansystolic - VSD

49
Q

what is cyanosis

A

when deoxygenated blood enter systemic circulation

50
Q

what is PDA

A

patent ductus arteriosis
the DA fails to close after birth resulting in a L-R shunt as blood from the high pressure aorta goes into the pul artery
this can lead to pul HTN and RVH

51
Q

RF for PDA

A

prematurity

rubella infection

52
Q

symptoms and signs of PDA

A

asymptomatic
breathlessness
difficulty feeding and poor weight gain
continuous machine like murmur

53
Q

ASD leads to which kind of shunt

A

L-R

may reverse and form R-L eventually (Eisenmengers)

54
Q

what is Eisenmenger syndrome

A

can arise from ASD, VSD and PDA after initial L-R shunt.
The pulmonary pressure becomes greater than the systemic pressure and the shunt reverses to R-L leading to cyanosis as blood bypasses the pul circulation and lungs.

55
Q

complications of ASD

A

Eisenmengers syndrome
RVH and pul HTN
AF / atrial flutter
stroke - paradoxical

56
Q

how can you get a stroke from ASD

A

DVT develop in the venous circulation, if it comes off it becomes an embolus and travels to the right side of the heart. Instead of going through pul circulation to the lungs to form a PE, it can pass through the ASD to the left side of the heart and into the aorta to go to the brain

57
Q

symptoms of ASD

A

asymptomatic if small
breathlessness
difficulty feeding and poor weight gain
adulthood: dyspnoea, HF, stroke

58
Q

risk factors/associations for VSD

A

Down’s syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
idiopathic
TOF

59
Q

symptoms and signs of VSD

A

asymptomatic
breathlessness
difficulty feeding and failure to thrive
tachypnoea
pan systolic murmur at 4th ICS left sternal edge +- systolic thrill on palpation

60
Q

those with VSD are at increased risk of what

A

infective endocarditis

61
Q

complications of Eisenmengers syndrome

A

^ RBC as a response to cyanosis –> polycythaemia

this can increase risk of clots

62
Q

findings in Eisenmengers syndrome

A 
RV parasternal heave 
loud P2 
raised JVP 
peripheral oedema (RHF)
murmur 
arrhythmia 
cyanosis 
clubbing 
dyspnoea 
plethoric - polycythaemia
63
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta

A

congenital narrowing of the aorta typically at the arch near the ductus arteriosus

64
Q

RF for coarctation of the aorta

A

Turner’s syndrome

65
Q

in coarctation of the aorta, there is increased/decreased pressure proximal to the narrowing and increased/decreased pressure distal to the narrowing

A

increased pressure proximally

decreased pressure distally

66
Q

symptoms and signs of coarctation of the aorta

A

weak femoral pulses
difference in blood pressure and SaO2 in upper and lower limbs
systolic murmur beneath left clavicle and scapula
tachypanoea
poor feeding

67
Q

what can be given to keep the ductus arteriosus open

A

prostaglandins

68
Q

explain the pathology behind TOF

A

Pulmonary stenosis means it is harder to pump blood through to the pul artery and so you consequently get RVH.
The VSD means that blood from the LV enters the RV further increasing that blood volume.
The overriding aorta sits more to the right above the VSD, this means that blood from the RV will follow the path of least resistance and enter the aorta which means it bypasses the lungs creating a R-L shunt which leads to cyanosis

69
Q

What are ‘Tet’ spells

A

intermittent cyanotic episodes where R-L shunt is temporarily worsened as pul pressure > systemic pressure
triggers: crying, physical exertion, waking
older children tend to squat to increase the SVR and help blood to enter the pul artery

70
Q

what is Ebsteins anomaly

A

congenital heart defect where the tricuspid valve is set lower in the right side of the heart leading to a bigger RA and smaller RV causing poorer flow from RV –> pul artery

71
Q

what is a RF for Ebsteins anomaly

A

maternal use of lithium antenatally

72
Q

what is Ebsteins anomaly associated with

A

ASD

WPW syndrome

73
Q

what is TGA

A

transposition of the great arteries
attachments of the great vessels to the heart are swapped i.e. the RV connects to the aorta and LV connects to the pulmonary artery
the two separate circulations do not mix and they loop around the same circuit - deoxygenated round the body and oxygenate around the lungs

74
Q

what is an immediate sign of TGA at birth

A

cyanosis

75
Q

what pulse abnormality is associated with PDA

A

large volume, bounding, collapsing pulse

76
Q

symptoms of heart failure in infants

A

breathlessness
difficulty feeding
sweating while feeding
recurrent chest infections

Year 4 Child Health (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions