Neoclassical School

Question 1

What are the 4 purposes of punishment under this school?

Answer 1

Deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, retribution

Question 2

What are the basics of the Enlightenment era of crime?

Answer 2

Emphasize reason/free will; inalienable rights; rules and regulations to achieve harmony; social contract

Question 3

What does Hobbes say?

Answer 3

Individuals are naturally self-interested

Question 4

What does Locke say?

Answer 4

Individuals are concerned for itself through free-will

Question 5

What does Rousseau say?

Answer 5

Humans are naturally good; social contract

Question 6

What does Beccaria say?

Answer 6

Deterrence —> if punishments are too severe, crime will increase

Question 7

What are Beccaria’s two principles of punishment?

Answer 7

Prompt, certain

Question 8

What does Bentham say?

Answer 8

Humans seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain; laws should focus on prevention

Question 9

What are the two background assumptions of the classical school?

Answer 9

Individuals have free will, individuals maximize utility

Question 10

When did the classical school re-emerge to form the neoclassical school?

Answer 10

1960s

Question 11

What are the three principles of punishment according to deterrence theory?

Answer 11

Swift, certain, severe

Question 12

What is the principle of certainty?

Answer 12

How likely it is that an individual will be caught and punished for a crime that he or she has committed

Question 13

What does severity mean?

Answer 13

The cost of punishment should outweigh the benefit of crime, but punishment should be proportionate to the crime

Question 14

What does swift (celerity) mean?

Answer 14

How quickly an individual is punished after committing a crime

Question 15

Which principle is most supported through research?

Answer 15

Certainty

Question 16

Which principle is hardly tested in criminology?

Answer 16

Celerity

Question 17

What is the difference between specific and general deterrence?

Answer 17

Specific: deterring a specific offender who has already been punished for fear of being punished again
General: would-be offender for fear of punishment

Question 18

What is the difference between absolute and restrictive deterrence?

Answer 18

Absolute: complete stoppage of criminal conduct
Restrictive: partial stoppage (reduction in frequency or severity)

Question 19

What did the first wave of deterrence theory study?

Answer 19

Changes in homicide rates of states and countries over time in relation to the death penalty

Question 20

What did the second wave of deterrence theory study?

Answer 20

Focus on other types of punishment —> three strikes laws

Question 21

What did the third wave of deterrence theory study?

Answer 21

Self-reported studies about people’s perceived risk of getting caught and punished

Question 22

What did the fourth wave of deterrence theory study?

Answer 22

Temporal ordering: do perceptions cause behavior or vice versa?

Question 23

What did the fifth wave of deterrence theory study?

Answer 23

Scenarios

Question 24

What are the three categories of people Pogarsky identified?

Answer 24

Incorrigible, deterrable, conformist

Question 25

What are policy results from deterrence theory?

Answer 25

Increase severity of punishments —> mandatory minimums, three strikes laws