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Clinical Bacteriology🦠 > NEISSERIA AND MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS🫘 > Flashcards

NEISSERIA AND MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS🫘 Flashcards

1
Q

nonmotile, Gram-negative, diplococci with adjacent sides flattened – ‘kidney shape’ or ‘coffee bean’ shape

A

Neisseria and M. catarrhalis

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2
Q

commensals of the respiratory and urogenital tracts

A

M. catarrhalis and most Neisseria spp.

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3
Q

is transmitted via contaminated respiratory droplets

A

N. meningitidis

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4
Q

is usually attributed to the
spread of endogenous strain to normally sterile sites

A

M. catarrhalis

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5
Q

two pathogenic neisseria

A

N. gonorrheae
N. meningitidis

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6
Q

pathogenic neisseria virulence factor

A

Virulence factors include:
* Receptors for human transferrin * Capsule (N. meningitidis)
* Pili (fimbriae)
* Cell membrane proteins – OMPs * Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)
* IgA protease

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7
Q
  • also known as “gonococcus”
A

N. gonorrheae

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8
Q

causes opthalmia neonatorum in infants

A

N. gonorrheae

  • short incubation period, around 2-7 days
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9
Q
  • manifests as acute urethritis in symptomatic males.
  • sexually transmitted
  • often asymptomatic in females, urethritis, cervicitis, and dyspareunia may occur
A

GONORRHEA

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10
Q

also known as “gonococcal conjunctivitis”

  • Transmitted from mother to child
A

OPTHALMIA NEONATORUM

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11
Q
  • colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans
  • invasive meningococci have a polysaccharide capsule
A

N. meningitidis

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11
Q
  • also known as “meningococcus”
  • also infects humans only
  • agent of meningitis and meningococcemia * incubation period around 1-10 days
A

N. meningitidis

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12
Q
  • symptoms include abrupt onset of frontal headache and photophobia
A

MENINGITIS

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12
Q
  • sepsis
  • may occur with or without meningitis
A

MENINGOCOCCEMIA

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13
Q
  • fulminant form of meningococcemia
  • death may occur within 12 to 48 hours from onset
A

WATERHOUSE-FRIDERICHSEN S YNDROME

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13
Q
  • formerly ‘Branhamella catarrhalis’ and ‘Neisseria catarrhalis’
  • opportunistic pathogen
  • third most common cause of acute otitis media and sinusitis in children
A

M. catarrhalis

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14
Q

third most common cause of acute otitis media and sinusitis in children

A

M. catarrhalis

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14
Q
  • Calcium alginate and cotton swabs are inhibitory to the organism. what is the preferred material to be used?
A
  • Dacron and rayon swabs are preferred
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15
Q

_____in commercial blood culture anticoagulant, inhibitory to pathogenic Neisseria

A

sodium polyanetholesulfonate (SPS)

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16
Q

N. meningitidis specimens include:

A

CSF, blood, nasopharyngeal swab and aspirates, joint fluids, and less commonly, sputum and material from urogenital sites

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17
Q

________specimens typically include samples from middle ear effusion, nasopharynx, sinus aspirates, or bronchial aspirates

A

M. catarrhalis

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18
Q

smears for direct Gram stain for N. gonorrheae prepared from______ specimens

A

urogenital

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19
Q

true or false

demonstration of Gram-negative intracellular diplococci in symptomatic males is evidence of gonococcal infection

A

Truest

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20
Q

true or false

demonstration of Gram-negative intracellular diplococci in symptomatic females must be confirmed before complete diagnosis of gonococcal infection

A

true or false

demonstration of Gram-negative intracellular or extracellular diplococci from preferred specimens such as CSF aids in presumptively identifying N. meningitidis

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21
Q

the medium of choice for N. gonorrhea is

A

CAP (chocolate agar plate)

colonies are medium-sized, gray, and convex, and encapsulated strains are mucoid

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22
Q

has green tinge of the blood agar under the colonies

A

NEISSERIA AND MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS

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23
Q
  • ____grows on SBA and chocolate agar
  • colonies are smooth, opaque, gray to white colonies
A

M. catarrhalis

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24
Q

has “hockey puck” colonies

(has the ability to be slid across the agar surface without disruption, known as hockey puck sign)

A

M. catarrhalis

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25
Q
  • traditional method for the identification of Neisseria spp.
A

Carbohydrate utilization

POSITIVE - yellow
NEGATIVE - RED

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26
Q

N. gonorrhea uses what sugar

A

glucose

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27
Q

N. meningitidis uses what sugar(s)

A

maltose and glucose

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28
Q

does not utilize any of the carbohydrates

A

M. catarrhalis

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29
Q

currently the only antimicrobials remaining that are recommended for the treatment of N. gonorrheae

A

Cephalosporins

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30
Q

When coinfection with C. trachomatis is present, the recommended regiment is _____

A

ceftriaxone plus azithromycin

31
Q
  • The drug of choice for treatment of N. meningitidis is
A

penicillin

32
Q

DOC best for meningococcemia

A

Third-generation cephalosporins

33
Q

Humans are the only natural host

A

N. meningitidis

34
Q

NOTE: Serotypes A, B, & C are associated with epidemics of meningitis (usually type B)

A

♡

35
Q

causes blood vessel destruction (hemorrhage) and sepsis

A

Endotoxin (LPS)

36
Q

Have a unique proteins that can extract iron from transferrin, lactoferrin and hemologlobin2

A

N. meningitidis
N. gonorrhoeae

37
Q

most severe form of meningococcemia.

high fever, shock, widespread purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia, and ADRENAL insufficiency -bilateral hemorrhagic destruction of the adrenal glands

A

Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

38
Q

DOC for N. meningitidis

A

Penicillin

39
Q

DOC for meningococcal meningitis and sepicemia

A

ceftriaxone (or cefotaxime)

40
Q

prophylaxis of close contacts of infected persons

A

Rifampin/ciprofloxacin

41
Q

The first meningococcal vaccine for serogroup____was approved in October 2014.

A

Serogroup B

42
Q

N. meningitidis cell wall contains cytochrome oxidase which oxidizes dye _______ form colorless to deep pink.

A

tetramethylphenylene diamine

(applies for both Meningitidis and Gono

43
Q

N. meningitidis reservoir

A

Upper respiratory tract.

(that’s why it is common causative agent of meningitis 2-18yrs old ppl.

44
Q

Only infects humans (no immunity to repeated infections)

A

N. gonorrhoeae

45
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae reservoir

A

human genital tract

  • sexually transmitted
  • passage through birth canal
46
Q

NOTE: both meningitidis and gonorrhoeae are facultative anaerobe

  • (meaning grows best in high CO2 environment)
A

♡

47
Q

Ferments glucose only

A

N. gono

48
Q

has endotoxin: Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

A

N. gono

(N. meningitidis - EndoLPS)

49
Q

can cause Perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome): violin string adhesions

A

N. gono. (complication of PID or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

50
Q

causative agent of Opthalmia neonatorum

(a form of conjunctivitis that affects newborn)

A

N. gono

51
Q

Prevention of Opthalmia neonatorum

A

Erythromycin ointment or Silver
nitrate

(Silver nitrate is no longer used
because it can cause chemical conjunctivitis.)

52
Q

most common cause of hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis, the most severe form of conjunctivitis.

A

N. gonorrhoeae

53
Q

Most common site of asymptomatic gonococcal infection in women:

A

ENDOCERVIX

54
Q

N. meningitidis may also cause lesions in the joints and lungs and rarely cause massive bilateral hemorrhages in the adrenals called:

A

Waterhouse– Friderichsen syndrome)

55
Q

It is an overwhelming and usually fatal condition, characterized by shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and multisystem failure

A

Waterhouse– Friderichsen syndrome)

56
Q

the third stage of meningococcal infection, the organisms can cross the blood–brain barrier and infect the meninges.

A

meningitis

57
Q

They grow well on chocolate agar and Mueller– Hinton agar.

A

N. gono

58
Q

Thayer–Martin medium is what?

A

chocolate agar containing vancomycin, colistin and nystatin - which inhibits most contaminants, including nonpathogenic Neisseria

59
Q

These proteins stimulate antibodies that block serum bactericidal activity against N. gonorrhoeae.

A

Rmp (protein III)

60
Q

These proteins facilitate bacterial adherence to each other and to eukaryotic cells and also for the clumping of cocci seen in urethral exudate smears.

A

Opa protein (protein II)

61
Q

The _____proteins (formerly protein I) are porin proteins that form pores or channels in the outer membrane.

A

Por proteins

62
Q

The incubation period of N. gono

A

2–8 days.

63
Q

Ophthalmic neonatorum can be controlled by?

A

instilling 1% silver nitrate solution into the eyes of all newborn babies (Crede’s method).

64
Q

N. gono note: If this is not possible, specimens should be collected with charcoal impregnated swabs and sent to the laboratory in Stuart’s transport medium.

A

♡

65
Q

N. gono DOC

A

Penicillin G

(a high concentration of typical penicillin due to bacterial resistance)

66
Q

∙ It does not produce acid from glucose, maltose, sucrose, lactose or fructose

∙ It reduces nitrate to nitrite.

A

M. catarrhalis

67
Q

They are aerobes. Most strains grow on nutrient agar, blood agar or chocolate agar.

A

Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis

67
Q

They form part of the normal pharyngeal flora but can cause respiratory infections, including otitis media, sinusitis atbp.

A

M. catarrhalis

68
Q
  1. Why is cotton swab discourage in N. gono specimen collection?
  2. Give alternative
A
  1. Bc it contains fatty acids which is toxic to the bacteria
  2. Dacron rayon, calcium alginate or cotton swabs treated with charcoal
69
Q

consists of a flat bottle with modified Thayer-Martin and a bottle under increased carbon dioxide

A

Transgrow bottles

70
Q

consists of a flat plastic dish containing a medium selective for gonococci and a tablet that acts as a carbon dioxide generator

A

JEMBEC (JohnE.MartinBiological Environmental Chamber)

70
Q

what is a MODIFIED Thayer Martin Agar (MTM)?

A

Same as TMA (CAP with vancomycin, colistin, and nystatin) BUT with the addition of TRIMETHOPRIM LACTATE

(to suppress swarming of proteus spp.)

71
Q

what is Martin Lewis Medium (ML)

A
  • All MTM components except nystatin which is substituted by anisomycin
  • Vancomycin concentration is increased
72
Q

New York City Medium (NYC)🐴🩸

A

A transparent medium with lysed horse blood, horse plasma and yeast dialysate

73
Q

Appears pink in Beta Lactamase test/Cephalosporinase Test:

A

N. meningitidis

73
Q

Postive in Gamma-glutamyl aminopeptidase Test

A

N. meningitidis

74
Q

48-hour colony maybe have elevated center, thinner wavelike periphery
“wagon wheels” appearance

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

75
Q

Does not utilize any sugar in CHO utilization test

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

However positive sya sa DNase unlike N. gono and N. meningi

76
Q

Those bacteria that are phagocytized by the PMN’s are protected from intracellular killing by the bacterial _____.

A

PorB protein

PorB prevents the fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome and allows the bacteria to, for a time, survive in the PMN.

77
Q

most common cause of acute conjunctivitis. The most severe form of conjunctivitis

A

N. gono

Clinical Bacteriology🦠 (18 decks)

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