In-vitro | In-vivo

Question 1

effective sterilization of glassware, metals, oils, and waxes.

Answer 1

dry heat - oven-heating/baking

-160C TO 165C for 2hrs
-170C to 180C for 1hr

Question 2

treating infectious waste and infected lab animals

Answer 2

Incineration
-300 to 400C

870C to 980C (hazardous materials)

Question 3

used to control the spread of infectious disease

Answer 3

cremation

Question 4

faster and more effective than dry heat

Answer 4

moist heat

boiling: 100C for 10-15) Hepa-A -resistant to boiling

autoclaving: steam under pressure
-121.5C, 15psi (15-20mins)

-132C (30-60mins) infections medical waste

-Flash autoclave: 134C for 3mins: used saturated steam

Question 5

Bacillus steathermophilus vials color change. iexplain

Answer 5

purple (successful autoclave)
yellow (failed autoclave, nag germinate)

Question 6

• aka fractional sterilization.
• destroys vegetative cells: 30mins at 100C for 3 CONSECUTIVE DAYS

example: Arnold sterilizer

Answer 6

Tyndalization

Question 7

-thickened media through evaporation
-sterilize HIGH PROTEINS containing media

Answer 7

Inspissation

Question 8

sterilize dairy products

Answer 8

Pasteurization

-63C for 30mins (low temp)
-72C for 15seconds (high temp)
-140C for 3 seconds/ 151C for <1second

Question 9

method of choice for sterilization of antibiotic solutions, toxic chemicals, radioisotopes, VACCINES, and carbs

Answer 9

Filtration

a) Depth filters: fibrous materials (e.g. asbetos)

b) Membranous Filters - polysaccaride , cellulose acetate

Air: HEPA filters

Question 10

ionizing

Answer 10

radiation (destroys cell DNA)

indicator: Bacillus pumilus

Question 11

shorter wavelength (cold sterilization)
- high intensity energy: gamma, xrays
-kills endospores

Answer 11

Ionizing

Question 12

longer wavelength
-lower energy
-does not kill endospores

Answer 12

Non-ionizing.

Question 13

— what does the body does to the drug
— how the drug reaches the body, studies its journey
— how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.

Answer 13

pharmacokinetics

Question 13

— targets DNA
— broad spectrum
— DNA coiling
— agents bind to and interfere with DNA gyrase enzymes involved in the regulation of bacterial

Answer 13

Fluoroquinolones

Question 14

— binds RNA
— ribonucleic acid inhibitors
— e.g. rifampin (aka rifampicin)

Answer 14

Rifamycin~

Question 15

— important in synthesis of adenine and thymine (so DNA will be inhibited)
— PABA precursor of Folate
— e.g. sulfonamide, trimethoprim

Answer 15

Folic acid inhibitors

Ex: Sulfonamide, Trimpethoprim

Question 16

— release B-lactamase enzymes within the periplasmic space providing increased protecttion form beta-lactam antimicrobials

gram pos or neg?

Answer 16

Gram Positive

Question 17

disrupts the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 17

Polymoxin

Question 18

— disrupts DNA
— generates CYTOTOXIC COMPOUNDS and FREE RADICALS that disrupt the HOST DNA

Answer 18

Metronidazole

Question 19

most powerful antibacterial agents in use today

Answer 19

Carbapenems
e.g. imipenem
-broad spectru

Question 20

target the cell envelop

Answer 20

Glycopeptides
-vancomycin (targets aerobe and anaerobe gram pos)