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MRCS Anatomy > Neck > Flashcards

Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the borders of anterior triangle

A

Midline
Inferior border of mandible
medial border of sternocleidomastoid
Can be further divided into 4 triangles

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2
Q

How can anterior triangle be further divided?

A

Submental
Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular

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3
Q

Submental

A

Midline
Hyoid bone
anterior belly of digastric
contains the mylohyoid muscle, Lymphn nodes

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4
Q

Submandibular

A

Inferior border of mandible
Anterior & posterior belly of digastric
Contains the submandibular gland, lingual nerve, hypoglossal nerve
Facial artery

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5
Q

Carotid

A

Medial border of sternocleidomastroid
posterior belly of digastric
superior belly of omohyoid
Contains the carotid sheath and hypoglossal nerve

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6
Q

Muscular

A

Medial border of sternocleidomastoid
superior belly of omohyoid
midline
contains the midline organs, thyroid, parathyroid, larynx, trachea, infrahyoid muscle

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7
Q

Describe the borders of the posterior triangle

A

Anterior margin of trapezius
superior border of clavicle
lateral border of sternocleidomastoid
Covered by investing layer of fascia and floor formed by prevertebral fascia

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8
Q

Content of posterior triangle

A

Muscles - scalene, levator scapulae, splenius capitis
Vascular - EJV (formed by retromandibular and posterior auricular vein)
Nerves - Spinal accessory nerve, cervical plexus

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9
Q

Fascial layers of the neck

A

Investing fascia
Pretracheal fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Carotid sheath

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10
Q

Superficial layer

A

CN11
Extrajugular vein
Platysma

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11
Q

Pretracheal fascia

A

Trachea, larynx, thyroid, parathyroid, oesophagus

infrahyoid muscles

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12
Q

prevertebral fascia

A 
paraspinal muscles (longus coli)
Phrenic nerve
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13
Q

Carotid sheath

A

CCA, IJV, vagus nerve

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14
Q

Investing layer

A

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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15
Q

Cervical spine

A

Spinous process is bifid
foramina transversalis - VA passes through from C6
C1 axis - no verterbral body, no spinous process
C2 atlas - odentoid peg

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16
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Sits at C3
Muscle attachment to hyoid muscle
Suprahyoid - digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, mylohyoid
Infrahyoid - thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid
Fractured by strangulation

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17
Q

Superficial Lymph nodes

A 
Occipital
Mastoid
Pre-auricular
Parotid
Submandibular
Submental
Facial
Superficial cervical
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18
Q

Deep lymph nodes

A

Deep jugular nodes

Supraclavicular

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19
Q

Waldeyer’s ring

A

Lingual tonsil
Palatine tonsil
tubal tonsil
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoi)

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20
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C1-C4 in the prevertebral layers

21
Q

Branches of cervical plexus

A

Motor:
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3) - omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid
Nerves to geniohyoid and thyrohyoid (travels with hypoglossal nerve)

Sensation:
Greater auricular (C2/3)
Lesser occipital (C2)
Transverse cervical (C2/3)
Supraclavicular C3/4
22
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Anterior rami of C3-5, Both sensory and motor
innervates the diaphragm
Sensation to mediastinum, pericardium
Arises lateral border of anterior scalene, deep to prevertebral layer
Right - anterior to Subclavian artery, descends over the right bronchus/right heart, pierce diaphragm with IVC
Left - anterior to subclavian artery, over the arch of aorta, anterior to lung roots, left side of pericardium

23
Q

Suprahyoid muscle

A

Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

24
Q

Stylohyoid

A

Origin - Styloid process
Insertion - lateral aspect of Hyoid bone
innervation - Facial nerve
action - pulls the hyoid posterior & superior

25
Q

Digastric

A 
Anterior belly 
Digastric fossa to hyoid
CN5iii
Posterior belly
Hyoid to mastoid process
facial nerve
26
Q

Mylohyoid

A

Floor of mouth
Myohyoid line to hyoid bone
CNViii

27
Q

Geniohyoid

A

Inferior mental spine to hyoid

C1 nerve root

28
Q

Infrahyoid muscles

A

Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

29
Q

Omohyoid

A

Superior/inferior belly of omohyoid
scapula to clavicle via intermediate tendon
intermediate tendon to hyoid
C1-C3

30
Q

Thyrohyoid

A

Hyoid to Thyroid

C1

31
Q

Sternohyoid

A

Sternum/sternoclavicular joint to hyoid

C1-C3

32
Q

Sternothyroid

A

Manubrium to thyroid

C1-C3

33
Q

Anterior scalene

A

Posterior to subclavian vein and anterior to subclavian artery
Anterior tubercle of transverse process of C3-C6 to scalene tubercle (1st rib)
innervation - C5-C6

34
Q

Middle scalene

A

Posterior tubercle of transverse process of C2-C7 to scalene tubercle
innervation - C3-C8

35
Q

Posterior scalene

A

Posterior tubercle of transverse process of C5-C7 to 2nd rib

innervation - C6-8

36
Q

Pharynx

A

Muscular tube common for both respiratory and gastrointerstinal system
Separated into Naso/Oro/Laryngopharynx
two types of muscles - circular and longitudinal

37
Q

Nasopharynx

A

From Skull to soft palate

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

38
Q

Oropharynx

A

soft palate to epiglottis

39
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

40
Q

Circular muscles

A

Superior, middle, inferior contrictors
Superior is found in oropharynx
Middle is found in laryngopharynx
Inferior has 2 components - thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus (outpounching = diverticulum)

41
Q

Longitudinal muscles

A

Stylopharyngeus (CN9)
Palatopharyngeus (CN10)
Salpingopharyngeus (CN10)

42
Q

Larynx

A

C3-C6
Continuous with trachea
Cartilage + ligaments + membranes
Supply by Superior thyroid (ECA) & inferior thyroid artery (TCT)
Innervated by superior laryngeal nerve (cricothyroid) and recurrent laryngeal nerve (the rest)

43
Q

Cartilage of larynx

A

unpaired:
Thyroid, Cricoid, epiglottis
paired:
Arytenoid, corniculate (apex of arytenoid), cuneiform

44
Q

Ligaments of larynx

A 
Extrinsic:
Thyrohyoid, hyo-epiglottic, Cricotracheal, median cricothyroid ligaments
Intrinsic:
Cricothyroid
Quadrangular membrane
45
Q

Laryngeal folds

A

Vocal cord:
Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Vestibular folds
lower edge of quadrangular membrane

46
Q

Intrinsic muscles of larynx

A 
Cricothyroid
Thyroarytenoid
posterior cricoarytenoid
lateral cricoarytenoid
Transverse and oblique arytenoid
47
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Endocrine organ
Descends from floor of mouth
Originating from ventral 4th pharyngeal pouch
Within pretracheal fascia
2 lobes attached with isthmus in the middle
Supplied by superior & inferior thyroid artery

48
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Endocrine organ for calcium homeostasis
Superior gland derived from 4th pharyngeal pouch, 1cm superior to inferior thyroid artery

inferior gland derived from 3rd pharyngeal pouch, can sometimes be found in superior mediastinum

MRCS Anatomy (8 decks)

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