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MRCS Anatomy > Neck > Flashcards

Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the borders of anterior triangle

A

Midline
Inferior border of mandible
medial border of sternocleidomastoid
Can be further divided into 4 triangles

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2
Q

How can anterior triangle be further divided?

A

Submental
Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular

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3
Q

Submental

A

Midline
Hyoid bone
anterior belly of digastric
contains the mylohyoid muscle, Lymphn nodes

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4
Q

Submandibular

A

Inferior border of mandible
Anterior & posterior belly of digastric
Contains the submandibular gland, lingual nerve, hypoglossal nerve
Facial artery

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5
Q

Carotid

A

Medial border of sternocleidomastroid
posterior belly of digastric
superior belly of omohyoid
Contains the carotid sheath and hypoglossal nerve

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6
Q

Muscular

A

Medial border of sternocleidomastoid
superior belly of omohyoid
midline
contains the midline organs, thyroid, parathyroid, larynx, trachea, infrahyoid muscle

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7
Q

Describe the borders of the posterior triangle

A

Anterior margin of trapezius
superior border of clavicle
lateral border of sternocleidomastoid
Covered by investing layer of fascia and floor formed by prevertebral fascia

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8
Q

Content of posterior triangle

A

Muscles - scalene, levator scapulae, splenius capitis
Vascular - EJV (formed by retromandibular and posterior auricular vein)
Nerves - Spinal accessory nerve, cervical plexus

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9
Q

Fascial layers of the neck

A

Investing fascia
Pretracheal fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Carotid sheath

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10
Q

Superficial layer

A

CN11
Extrajugular vein
Platysma

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11
Q

Pretracheal fascia

A

Trachea, larynx, thyroid, parathyroid, oesophagus

infrahyoid muscles

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12
Q

prevertebral fascia

A 
paraspinal muscles (longus coli)
Phrenic nerve
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13
Q

Carotid sheath

A

CCA, IJV, vagus nerve

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14
Q

Investing layer

A

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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15
Q

Cervical spine

A

Spinous process is bifid
foramina transversalis - VA passes through from C6
C1 axis - no verterbral body, no spinous process
C2 atlas - odentoid peg

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16
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Sits at C3
Muscle attachment to hyoid muscle
Suprahyoid - digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, mylohyoid
Infrahyoid - thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid
Fractured by strangulation

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17
Q

Superficial Lymph nodes

A 
Occipital
Mastoid
Pre-auricular
Parotid
Submandibular
Submental
Facial
Superficial cervical
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18
Q

Deep lymph nodes

A

Deep jugular nodes

Supraclavicular

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19
Q

Waldeyer’s ring

A

Lingual tonsil
Palatine tonsil
tubal tonsil
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoi)

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20
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C1-C4 in the prevertebral layers

21
Q

Branches of cervical plexus

A

Motor:
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3) - omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid
Nerves to geniohyoid and thyrohyoid (travels with hypoglossal nerve)

Sensation:
Greater auricular (C2/3)
Lesser occipital (C2)
Transverse cervical (C2/3)
Supraclavicular C3/4
22
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Anterior rami of C3-5, Both sensory and motor
innervates the diaphragm
Sensation to mediastinum, pericardium
Arises lateral border of anterior scalene, deep to prevertebral layer
Right - anterior to Subclavian artery, descends over the right bronchus/right heart, pierce diaphragm with IVC
Left - anterior to subclavian artery, over the arch of aorta, anterior to lung roots, left side of pericardium

23
Q

Suprahyoid muscle

A

Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

24
Q

Stylohyoid

A

Origin - Styloid process
Insertion - lateral aspect of Hyoid bone
innervation - Facial nerve
action - pulls the hyoid posterior & superior

25
Digastric
``` Anterior belly Digastric fossa to hyoid CN5iii Posterior belly Hyoid to mastoid process facial nerve ```
26
Mylohyoid
Floor of mouth Myohyoid line to hyoid bone CNViii
27
Geniohyoid
Inferior mental spine to hyoid | C1 nerve root
28
Infrahyoid muscles
Omohyoid Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid
29
Omohyoid
Superior/inferior belly of omohyoid scapula to clavicle via intermediate tendon intermediate tendon to hyoid C1-C3
30
Thyrohyoid
Hyoid to Thyroid | C1
31
Sternohyoid
Sternum/sternoclavicular joint to hyoid | C1-C3
32
Sternothyroid
Manubrium to thyroid | C1-C3
33
Anterior scalene
Posterior to subclavian vein and anterior to subclavian artery Anterior tubercle of transverse process of C3-C6 to scalene tubercle (1st rib) innervation - C5-C6
34
Middle scalene
Posterior tubercle of transverse process of C2-C7 to scalene tubercle innervation - C3-C8
35
Posterior scalene
Posterior tubercle of transverse process of C5-C7 to 2nd rib | innervation - C6-8
36
Pharynx
Muscular tube common for both respiratory and gastrointerstinal system Separated into Naso/Oro/Laryngopharynx two types of muscles - circular and longitudinal
37
Nasopharynx
From Skull to soft palate | pseudostratified columnar epithelium
38
Oropharynx
soft palate to epiglottis
39
Laryngopharynx
Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
40
Circular muscles
Superior, middle, inferior contrictors Superior is found in oropharynx Middle is found in laryngopharynx Inferior has 2 components - thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus (outpounching = diverticulum)
41
Longitudinal muscles
Stylopharyngeus (CN9) Palatopharyngeus (CN10) Salpingopharyngeus (CN10)
42
Larynx
C3-C6 Continuous with trachea Cartilage + ligaments + membranes Supply by Superior thyroid (ECA) & inferior thyroid artery (TCT) Innervated by superior laryngeal nerve (cricothyroid) and recurrent laryngeal nerve (the rest)
43
Cartilage of larynx
unpaired: Thyroid, Cricoid, epiglottis paired: Arytenoid, corniculate (apex of arytenoid), cuneiform
44
Ligaments of larynx
``` Extrinsic: Thyrohyoid, hyo-epiglottic, Cricotracheal, median cricothyroid ligaments Intrinsic: Cricothyroid Quadrangular membrane ```
45
Laryngeal folds
Vocal cord: Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium Vestibular folds lower edge of quadrangular membrane
46
Intrinsic muscles of larynx
``` Cricothyroid Thyroarytenoid posterior cricoarytenoid lateral cricoarytenoid Transverse and oblique arytenoid ```
47
Thyroid gland
Endocrine organ Descends from floor of mouth Originating from ventral 4th pharyngeal pouch Within pretracheal fascia 2 lobes attached with isthmus in the middle Supplied by superior & inferior thyroid artery
48
Parathyroid gland
Endocrine organ for calcium homeostasis Superior gland derived from 4th pharyngeal pouch, 1cm superior to inferior thyroid artery inferior gland derived from 3rd pharyngeal pouch, can sometimes be found in superior mediastinum

MRCS Anatomy (8 decks)

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