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MRCS Anatomy > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

A

Formed by frontal bone, ethmoid, sphenoid bone

Posterior - lesser wing of sphenoid/anterior clinoid process

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2
Q

Content of anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal lobe
Olfactory bulb/tract
Crista galli, cribiform plate

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3
Q

Middle cranial fossa

A

Sphenoid bone - lesser wing
temporal - petrous part
parietal bone

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4
Q

Content of middle cranial fossa

A

Temporal lobe
Sella turcica - pituitary gland
optic nerve/chiasm, cavernous sinus (CN3, 4, 5i, 6), trigeminal ganglion
Foramina - Optic canal, superior orbital fissure, rotundum (CN5ii), ovale (CN5iii, AMA), spinosum (MMA), lacerum, carotid canal (deep petrosal nerve)
Hiatus for greater/lesser petrosal nerve

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5
Q

Posterior cranial fossa

A

Sphenoid
Temporal - squamous part,
parietal
Occipital bone

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6
Q

Content of posterior fossa

A

Cerebellum
Brainstem - midbrain, pons, medulla
foramen - internal acoustic meatus (CN7, 8, labyrinthine), jugular (CN9, 10, 11) , hypoglossal (CN12), magnum

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7
Q

Infratemporal fossa

A

Deep to the masseter muscle
Lateral - ramus of mandible
Medial - lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid
Anterior - posterior surface of maxilla
Posterior - carotid sheath
inferior - medial pterygoid muscle
superior - skull base, sphenoid (foramen ovale/spinosum)

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8
Q

Content of infratemporal fossa

A

Muscles - lateral/medial pterygoid
Nerve - CN5iii, Chorda tympani (CN7), otic ganglion (parasympathetic nerve)
Artery - maxillary

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9
Q

Pterygopalatine fossa

A

Anterior - posterior wall of maxillary sinus
posterior - pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
inferior - palatine bone and palatine canal
superior - inferior orbital fissure
lateral - pterygomaxillary fissure
medial - perpendicular plane of the palatine bone

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10
Q

Content of pterygopalatine fossa

A 
CN5ii (infraorbital fissure)
pterygopalatine ganglion, CN7 greater petrosal nerve
maxillary artery
7 foramina
rotundum
inferior orbital fissure
pterygomaxillary fissure
pterygoid canal
pharyngeal canal
greater palatine canal
sphenopalatine foramen
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11
Q

Pterion

A

H shaped area where 4 bone meets
Frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid
it is the weakest part of skull and MMA runs along it

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12
Q

Orbit

A

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine
Superior and inferior orbital fissure

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13
Q

Extraocular muscles

A

Levator palpebrae superioris
Rectus x4
Oblique x2

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14
Q

Why does infection spreads to skull

A

connection of venous drainage from facial vein. ophthalmic vein to cavernous sinus

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15
Q

Bones in the ear

A

Malleus, incus, stapes
Stapes has stapedius muscle
Malleus has Tensor Tympani

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16
Q

Cranial nerves

A 
1 - Olfactroy
2 - optic
3 - oculomotor
Midbrain
4 - trochlear
Pons
5 - trigeminal
6 - abducens
7 - facial
8 - vestibulocochlear
Medulla
9 - glossopharyngeal 
10 - vagus
11 - accessory nerve
12 - hypoglossal
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17
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Though Cribiform plate

sense of smell

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18
Q

Optic nerve

A 
Vision
Covered by dura
Nerve to chiasm then to tract
then to lateral geniculate nucleus
then radiation (lower optic radiation = Meyer's loop)
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19
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

Supplies the medial, superior and inferior recti, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris
Parasympathetic nerve supply sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle (ciliary ganglion)
Travels through the carvenous sinus, medial aspect
Within the sinus, deep petrosal nerve joins in

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20
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

Supplies the superior oblique muscle

Supplies contralateral as it crosses before exiting the midbrain

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21
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

3 main branches - V1 ophthalmic, V2 maxillary V3 mandibular
V1 - superior orbital fissue
V2 - foramen rotundum
V3 - foramen ovale
Mainly sensory but mandibular has motor function (muscles of mastication)
Parasympathetic supply from pterygopalatine ganglion (facial nerve)

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22
Q

Abducens nerve

A

supplies the lateral rectus

Most lateral in cavernous sinus

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23
Q

Facial nerve

A

Contains parasympathetic fibres
3 intracranial branches
Chorda tympani, stapedius, greater petrosal nerve (pterygopalatine ganglion)
3 extracranial branches
posterior auricular, stylohyoid, digastric
5 extracranial terminal branches
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
Pons (initially 2 roots), IAM, Facial canal, Stylomastoid foramen, parotid gland

24
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

hearing and balance

arises from cerebello pontine angle to IAM

25
Glossopharyngeal nerve
taste, motor function of stylopharyngeus parasympathetic nerves to parotid sensation to middle ear, oropharynx Medulla, jugular foramen
26
vagus
sensory - EAM, larynx motor - pharynx, soft palate, larynx, palatoglossus parasympathetic nerve medulla, jugular foramen, carotid sheath Gives off Superior & recurrent laryngeal nerve Right vagus - anterior to SCA, posterior to SC joint Left vagus - inferiorly between common carotid and SCA SLN - cricothyroid RLN - all others in larynx, RIGHT hooks underneath SCA, LEFT hooks underneath arch of aorta
27
Accessory nerve
Motor - Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius | Spinal part - originates at C1-C6, then enters through foramen magnum then passes through jugular foramen
28
Sternocleidomastoid
origin - mastoid process insertion - 2 heads - manubrim, clavicle innervation - CN11 action - rotation of head
29
Trapezius
origin - occipital protuberance/nuchal ligament insertion - acromion, clavicle, spine of scapula innervation - CN11 action - elevation of scapula
30
Pathway of spinal accessory nerve
upper third posterior border of SCM to lower third of anterior border of trapezius
31
Hypoglossal nerve
Motor - extrinsic and intrinsic muscles to the tongue genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus medulla - hypoglossal canal Joins the C1/C2 nerve root plexus
32
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus (innervated by vagus nerve)
33
Muscles of mastication
temporalis Masseter Lateral/Medial pterygoid 1st pharyngeal arch
34
temporalis
origin - temporal fossa insertion - Coronoid process of mandible innervation - CN5iii
35
masseter
origin - maxillary process of zygomatic bone, zygomatic arch of temporal bone insertion - ramus of mandible innervation - CN5iii
36
lateral pterygoid
origin - greater wing of sphenoid and lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid insertion - neck of mandible innervation - CN5iii
37
medial pterygoid
origin - greater wing of sphenoid and lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid insertion - ramus of mandible innervation - CN5iii
38
Temporomandibular joint
Articulation between 3 surface - mandibular fossa, articular tubercle and head of mandible Separated by articular disk 3 Ligaments - lateral, stylomandibular, sphenomandibular
39
Submandibular gland
Allocated in submandibular triangle anterior and posterior belly of digastric muscle and mandible In relations to mylohyoid muscles Hypoglossal (deep), lingual, marginal mandibular nerve
40
Sublingual gland
almond shaped under the tongue, laterally on mandible, medially by genioglossus muscle around lingual frenulum
41
Parotid gland
``` Superior & deep gland separated by facial nerve, ECA Superior - zygomatic arch inferior - inferior border of mandible posterior - external ear/SCM anterior - masseter Stensen duct - 2nd upper molar Sensory nerve - CN9, otic ganglion ```
42
Parasympathetic nerve in head
CN3 - ciliary ganglion CN7 - greater petrosal nerve = pterygopalatine ganglion CN7 - Chorda tympani = submandibular ganglion CN9 - otic ganglion CN10 - rest of body
43
Sympathetic nerve
Sympathetic nerve - T1-T6 - sympathetic chain - cervical ganglia (superior/middle/inferior) Superior cervical ganglion - C1-C4 - ICN, ECN, nerve to pharyngeal plexus, superior cardiac branch, nerves to CN2, 3, 4, 6, 9
44
External Carotid artery
``` Bifurcates from CCA at C4 Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Posterior auricular Occipital Facial Maxillary Superficial temporal ```
45
Internal carotid artery
``` Bifurcates from CCA at C4 no extracranial branch enters via carotid canal Gives off ACA, ophthalmic artery, PCom, MCA Forms the Circle of Willis ```
46
Vertebral artery
Arises from the Subclavian artery, passes through foramen transversarium of C6 Gives off anterior & posterior spinal arteries Enters via foramen magnum Gives off PICA Forms the basilar artery
47
Basilar artery
gives off AICA, pontine arteries, Superior cerebellar artery, labyrinthine artery Forms Circle of Willis
48
Dural sinus system
``` Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal - straight sinus Confluence of sinus - Transverse sinus Carvernoous sinus - Superior/Inferior petrosal sinus Sigmoid sinus IJV ```
49
CSF drainage system
Lateral - foramen of Monro - third - cerebral aqueduct - fourth ventricle Cisterns - bath of CSF Produced by choroid plexus Drained via subarachnoid cisterns/granulation
50
Ascending tract
Dorsal column Spinothalamic Spinocerebellar
51
Dorsal column
Medial lemniscal pathway Fasciculus cuneatus - upper limb Fasciculus gracilis - lower limb Decussate in medulla (2nd order neurones)
52
Spinothalamic tract
Anterior Crude touch & pressure Lateral - pain and temperature Decussate at level of spinal cord
53
Spinocerebellar tract
Proprioception anterior and Posterior cerebellar - lower limbs rostral and cunecerebellar - upper limbs
54
Descending tract
corticospinal tract - cortex - internal capsule - crus cerebri Corticobulbar - CN7 and CN12 contralateral innervation Pyrimidal - medullary pyramids Extrapyrimidal - involuntary movement - vestibulospinal/reticulospinal tract
55
layers of SCALP
``` Skin Dense Connective tissue epicranial Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Periosteum ```
56
Pituitary gland
On sella turcica Anterior - FSH/LH, GH, ACTH, TSH, Posteriror ADH, Oxytocin

MRCS Anatomy (8 decks)

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