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MRCS Anatomy > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

A

Formed by frontal bone, ethmoid, sphenoid bone

Posterior - lesser wing of sphenoid/anterior clinoid process

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2
Q

Content of anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal lobe
Olfactory bulb/tract
Crista galli, cribiform plate

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3
Q

Middle cranial fossa

A

Sphenoid bone - lesser wing
temporal - petrous part
parietal bone

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4
Q

Content of middle cranial fossa

A

Temporal lobe
Sella turcica - pituitary gland
optic nerve/chiasm, cavernous sinus (CN3, 4, 5i, 6), trigeminal ganglion
Foramina - Optic canal, superior orbital fissure, rotundum (CN5ii), ovale (CN5iii, AMA), spinosum (MMA), lacerum, carotid canal (deep petrosal nerve)
Hiatus for greater/lesser petrosal nerve

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5
Q

Posterior cranial fossa

A

Sphenoid
Temporal - squamous part,
parietal
Occipital bone

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6
Q

Content of posterior fossa

A

Cerebellum
Brainstem - midbrain, pons, medulla
foramen - internal acoustic meatus (CN7, 8, labyrinthine), jugular (CN9, 10, 11) , hypoglossal (CN12), magnum

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7
Q

Infratemporal fossa

A

Deep to the masseter muscle
Lateral - ramus of mandible
Medial - lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid
Anterior - posterior surface of maxilla
Posterior - carotid sheath
inferior - medial pterygoid muscle
superior - skull base, sphenoid (foramen ovale/spinosum)

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8
Q

Content of infratemporal fossa

A

Muscles - lateral/medial pterygoid
Nerve - CN5iii, Chorda tympani (CN7), otic ganglion (parasympathetic nerve)
Artery - maxillary

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9
Q

Pterygopalatine fossa

A

Anterior - posterior wall of maxillary sinus
posterior - pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
inferior - palatine bone and palatine canal
superior - inferior orbital fissure
lateral - pterygomaxillary fissure
medial - perpendicular plane of the palatine bone

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10
Q

Content of pterygopalatine fossa

A 
CN5ii (infraorbital fissure)
pterygopalatine ganglion, CN7 greater petrosal nerve
maxillary artery
7 foramina
rotundum
inferior orbital fissure
pterygomaxillary fissure
pterygoid canal
pharyngeal canal
greater palatine canal
sphenopalatine foramen
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11
Q

Pterion

A

H shaped area where 4 bone meets
Frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid
it is the weakest part of skull and MMA runs along it

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12
Q

Orbit

A

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine
Superior and inferior orbital fissure

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13
Q

Extraocular muscles

A

Levator palpebrae superioris
Rectus x4
Oblique x2

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14
Q

Why does infection spreads to skull

A

connection of venous drainage from facial vein. ophthalmic vein to cavernous sinus

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15
Q

Bones in the ear

A

Malleus, incus, stapes
Stapes has stapedius muscle
Malleus has Tensor Tympani

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16
Q

Cranial nerves

A 
1 - Olfactroy
2 - optic
3 - oculomotor
Midbrain
4 - trochlear
Pons
5 - trigeminal
6 - abducens
7 - facial
8 - vestibulocochlear
Medulla
9 - glossopharyngeal 
10 - vagus
11 - accessory nerve
12 - hypoglossal
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17
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Though Cribiform plate

sense of smell

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18
Q

Optic nerve

A 
Vision
Covered by dura
Nerve to chiasm then to tract
then to lateral geniculate nucleus
then radiation (lower optic radiation = Meyer's loop)
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19
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

Supplies the medial, superior and inferior recti, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris
Parasympathetic nerve supply sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle (ciliary ganglion)
Travels through the carvenous sinus, medial aspect
Within the sinus, deep petrosal nerve joins in

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20
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

Supplies the superior oblique muscle

Supplies contralateral as it crosses before exiting the midbrain

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21
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

3 main branches - V1 ophthalmic, V2 maxillary V3 mandibular
V1 - superior orbital fissue
V2 - foramen rotundum
V3 - foramen ovale
Mainly sensory but mandibular has motor function (muscles of mastication)
Parasympathetic supply from pterygopalatine ganglion (facial nerve)

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22
Q

Abducens nerve

A

supplies the lateral rectus

Most lateral in cavernous sinus

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23
Q

Facial nerve

A

Contains parasympathetic fibres
3 intracranial branches
Chorda tympani, stapedius, greater petrosal nerve (pterygopalatine ganglion)
3 extracranial branches
posterior auricular, stylohyoid, digastric
5 extracranial terminal branches
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
Pons (initially 2 roots), IAM, Facial canal, Stylomastoid foramen, parotid gland

24
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

hearing and balance

arises from cerebello pontine angle to IAM

25
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

taste, motor function of stylopharyngeus
parasympathetic nerves to parotid
sensation to middle ear, oropharynx
Medulla, jugular foramen

26
Q

vagus

A

sensory - EAM, larynx
motor - pharynx, soft palate, larynx, palatoglossus
parasympathetic nerve
medulla, jugular foramen, carotid sheath
Gives off Superior & recurrent laryngeal nerve
Right vagus - anterior to SCA, posterior to SC joint
Left vagus - inferiorly between common carotid and SCA
SLN - cricothyroid
RLN - all others in larynx, RIGHT hooks underneath SCA, LEFT hooks underneath arch of aorta

27
Q

Accessory nerve

A

Motor - Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

Spinal part - originates at C1-C6, then enters through foramen magnum then passes through jugular foramen

28
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

origin - mastoid process
insertion - 2 heads - manubrim, clavicle
innervation - CN11
action - rotation of head

29
Q

Trapezius

A

origin - occipital protuberance/nuchal ligament
insertion - acromion, clavicle, spine of scapula
innervation - CN11
action - elevation of scapula

30
Q

Pathway of spinal accessory nerve

A

upper third posterior border of SCM to lower third of anterior border of trapezius

31
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

Motor - extrinsic and intrinsic muscles to the tongue
genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
medulla - hypoglossal canal
Joins the C1/C2 nerve root plexus

32
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus (innervated by vagus nerve)

33
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

temporalis
Masseter
Lateral/Medial pterygoid
1st pharyngeal arch

34
Q

temporalis

A

origin - temporal fossa
insertion - Coronoid process of mandible
innervation - CN5iii

35
Q

masseter

A

origin - maxillary process of zygomatic bone, zygomatic arch of temporal bone
insertion - ramus of mandible
innervation - CN5iii

36
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

origin - greater wing of sphenoid and lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid
insertion - neck of mandible
innervation - CN5iii

37
Q

medial pterygoid

A

origin - greater wing of sphenoid and lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid
insertion - ramus of mandible
innervation - CN5iii

38
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Articulation between 3 surface - mandibular fossa, articular tubercle and head of mandible
Separated by articular disk
3 Ligaments - lateral, stylomandibular, sphenomandibular

39
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Allocated in submandibular triangle
anterior and posterior belly of digastric muscle and mandible
In relations to mylohyoid muscles
Hypoglossal (deep), lingual, marginal mandibular nerve

40
Q

Sublingual gland

A

almond shaped
under the tongue, laterally on mandible, medially by genioglossus muscle
around lingual frenulum

41
Q

Parotid gland

A 
Superior & deep gland separated by facial nerve, ECA
Superior - zygomatic arch
inferior - inferior border of mandible
posterior - external ear/SCM
anterior - masseter
Stensen duct - 2nd upper molar
Sensory nerve - CN9, otic ganglion
42
Q

Parasympathetic nerve in head

A

CN3 - ciliary ganglion
CN7 - greater petrosal nerve = pterygopalatine ganglion
CN7 - Chorda tympani = submandibular ganglion
CN9 - otic ganglion
CN10 - rest of body

43
Q

Sympathetic nerve

A

Sympathetic nerve - T1-T6 - sympathetic chain - cervical ganglia (superior/middle/inferior)
Superior cervical ganglion - C1-C4 - ICN, ECN, nerve to pharyngeal plexus, superior cardiac branch, nerves to CN2, 3, 4, 6, 9

44
Q

External Carotid artery

A 
Bifurcates from CCA at C4
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Posterior auricular
Occipital
Facial 
Maxillary 
Superficial temporal
45
Q

Internal carotid artery

A 
Bifurcates from CCA at C4
no extracranial branch
enters via carotid canal
Gives off ACA, ophthalmic artery, PCom, MCA
Forms the Circle of Willis
46
Q

Vertebral artery

A

Arises from the Subclavian artery, passes through foramen transversarium of C6
Gives off anterior & posterior spinal arteries
Enters via foramen magnum
Gives off PICA
Forms the basilar artery

47
Q

Basilar artery

A

gives off AICA, pontine arteries, Superior cerebellar artery, labyrinthine artery
Forms Circle of Willis

48
Q

Dural sinus system

A 
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal - straight sinus
Confluence of sinus - Transverse sinus 
Carvernoous sinus - Superior/Inferior petrosal sinus
Sigmoid sinus
IJV
49
Q

CSF drainage system

A

Lateral - foramen of Monro - third - cerebral aqueduct - fourth ventricle
Cisterns - bath of CSF
Produced by choroid plexus
Drained via subarachnoid cisterns/granulation

50
Q

Ascending tract

A

Dorsal column
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

51
Q

Dorsal column

A

Medial lemniscal pathway
Fasciculus cuneatus - upper limb
Fasciculus gracilis - lower limb
Decussate in medulla (2nd order neurones)

52
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Anterior Crude touch & pressure
Lateral - pain and temperature
Decussate at level of spinal cord

53
Q

Spinocerebellar tract

A

Proprioception
anterior and Posterior cerebellar - lower limbs
rostral and cunecerebellar - upper limbs

54
Q

Descending tract

A

corticospinal tract - cortex - internal capsule - crus cerebri
Corticobulbar - CN7 and CN12 contralateral innervation
Pyrimidal - medullary pyramids
Extrapyrimidal - involuntary movement - vestibulospinal/reticulospinal tract

55
Q

layers of SCALP

A 
Skin
Dense Connective tissue
epicranial Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum
56
Q

Pituitary gland

A

On sella turcica
Anterior - FSH/LH, GH, ACTH, TSH,
Posteriror ADH, Oxytocin

MRCS Anatomy (8 decks)

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